Does Pan-African thought still explain Caribbean decolonization or has creolization taken over?
Half of the Pan-African canon is Caribbean: Henry Sylvester Williams, Marcus Garvey, George Padmore, C. L. R. James, Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, and Walter Rodney.
The Caribbean clearly formulated and exported Pan-Africanism to Africa, then received it back in altered political and intellectual forms.
However, from my own research, the framework doesn't seem to fit the region evenly; much of Anglophone Caribbean independence came through negotiated constitutional transfer rather than revolutionary rupture, and political sovereignty did little to dislodge foreign control over bauxite, sugar, banking, and other major industries.
In Guyana and Trinidad, Pan-Africanism as a governing framework also encountered societies in which Indo-Caribbean people constituted either a majority or a substantial near-majority.
So how well does Pan-Africanism still describe the Caribbean? Does it remain the region’s most useful political framework, or do Glissant and Brathwaite’s theories of creolization now explain more of its history, culture, and social formation?
In short, I'm looking for some literature (book and essay recommendations are very much welcome); I’m also interested in feminist thought from Indo-Caribbean and broader Caribbean perspectives, including foundational texts, useful starting points, and work that addresses race, gender, colonialism, migration, and creolization.