u/LinuxBook

Try: `find . -name '*.txt' -exec sh -c 'iconv -f WINDOWS-1252 -t UTF-8 "$1" -o "$1.utf8" && mv "$1.utf8" "$1"' _ {} \;`

Info: `iconv` converts text encodings (`-f`=from, `-t`=to). Wrapping in `sh -c` enables chaining `iconv` and `mv` per file. The `_` acts as a placeholder for `$0` in the subshell.

Examples: https://www.linuxteck.com/linux-tips/fix-windows-file-encoding-linux/

$ `iconv -f UTF-16 -t UTF-8 windows.txt -o linux.txt` # Convert single file

$ `iconv -l | grep -i utf` # List all supported UTF encodings

$ `dos2unix *.txt` # Fix CRLF line endings only

Note: Always test on a backup copy first! Use `iconv -l` to see all supported charsets. Use `dos2unix` if you only need to fix line endings (CRLF to LF).

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Try: `ss -ti | grep -A3 'ESTAB' | head -20`

Info: `ss -ti` dumps TCP internal metrics. Look for `retrans:X/Y` (X current retransmits, Y total) and `rtt` (round-trip time). Non-zero retransmits signal packet loss or network congestion.

Examples:

$ `ss -ti state established '( dport = :443 )'` # Inspect HTTPS connections

$ `watch -n 1 'ss -s'` # Monitor overall socket summary

$ `netstat -s | grep -i 'retrans\|reset'` # Global TCP retransmission counters

Note: When retransmissions occur, `cwnd` (congestion window) shrinks automatically. Persistent retransmits across multiple endpoints point to network hardware issues rather than application bugs.

https://www.linuxteck.com/linux-tips/linux-tips-check-tcp-packet-loss-ss/

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Try: `sed -n '/BEGIN CERTIFICATE/,/END CERTIFICATE/p' /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt`

Info: `sed -n` suppresses automatic printing. The pattern `'/START/,/END/p'` prints all lines between two matching delimiters (inclusive).

Examples:

$ `sed -n '/^\[database\]/,/^$/p' config.ini` # Extract section until empty line

$ `awk '/BEGIN/,/END/' file.txt` # Equivalent using awk

$ `sed -n '/ERROR/,+5p' logfile` # Print ERROR line plus next 5 lines

https://www.linuxteck.com/linux-tips/linux-tips-sed-extract-text-between-markers/

Note: Range matching `/X/,/Y/` works line-by-line from first match of X to next match of Y. The `+N` relative line count syntax is a GNU `sed` extension.

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Try: `find /home/linuxteck -type f -exec md5sum {} + | sort | uniq -w32 -D`

Info: `md5sum` hashes file contents, `sort` groups identical hashes, and `uniq -w32 -D` compares the 32-character hash to output all duplicate files.

Examples:

$ `find . -type f -exec md5sum {} + | sort | uniq -w32 -d` # Show 1 sample per duplicate set

$ `fdupes -r /home/linuxteck` # Dedicated tool (`apt install fdupes`)

$ `rdfind -deleteduplicates true /home/linuxteck` # Auto-delete duplicates safely

Note: For large directories, `fdupes` or `rdfind` are purpose-built and significantly faster. Use `sha256sum` instead of `md5sum` if collision risk is a concern.

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