
M31 -Andromeda Galaxy
This is 11 h 22 min of M31 collected over three nights.
I still have another three nights of data available, but those were captured as 30 second subs under a full Moon and have noticeably stronger gradients. I’m still debating whether adding them would improve the final result or whether the moonlit data would do more harm than good. I’d be interested to hear what others would do.
This was also a bit of a processing experiment for me, trying several new techniques and working with separate starless/star layers. I’m happy with how much dust structure came through, but I’m not completely satisfied with the final processing yet and feel there’s probably more hiding in the data. Any processing tips, criticism, or feedback are very welcome.
Acquisition Details:
Camera: Nikon D3400 (unmodified)
Telescope: Askar FMA180 Pro
Aperture: 40 mm
Focal length: 180 mm
Focal ratio: f/4.5
Mount: Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer GTi (unguided)
Acquisition software: N.I.N.A.
ISO: 400
Sub-exposure: 60 seconds
Light pollution: approximately Bortle 6
Capture dates:
2026-08-08 → 2026-08-09
2026-08-09 → 2026-08-10
2026-08-10 → 2026-08-11
Accepted integration:
Aug 8/9: 252 × 60 s = 4 h 12 min
Aug 9/10: 244 × 60 s = 4 h 04 min
Aug 10/11: 186 × 60 s = 3 h 06 min
Total: 682 × 60 s = 11 h 22 min
Calibration frames:
Darks
Flats
Dark-flats
Processing:
Stacked in Siril
Plate solving and SPCC in Siril
Cropping / framing
BlurXTerminator
NoiseXTerminator
StarXTerminator
Generalized Hyperbolic Stretch (GHS)
Local contrast enhancement
SCNR green cast removal
Global and selective color saturation
Star reduction with Morphological Transformation
Separate stretching and processing of the star layer
Starless processing and color finishing in Adobe Photoshop / Camera Raw
Curves and tonal adjustments
Selective HSL / Color Mixer adjustments
Stars recombined using Screen blending