u/Ok-Contract-69

Tiny samples of recognizable Kashmiri in the Bāṇāsurakatha, written by Avatāra Bhaṭṭa under the rule of Zain-ul-Abideen.

The overall language might have been deliberately archaic and the work as a whole is filled with Sanskrit and Prakrit borrowings but is valuable for a diachronic study of Kashmiri.

The Sharada script does not possess ligatures to represent ts or z. The transcription containing z has been used by Shashishekhar Toshakhani himself, on the hunch that shift must have already happened by the 15th century.

Lal Ded's or Nund Reshi's language would sound comparatively modern. Partly explained by the deliberate archaism of this text, but also by the fact that vakhs and shruks were orally transmitted for a long period of time, while this manuscript is from the 16th century. Similar spellings, however, are also found in the Stein B manuscript containing LD's vākhs.

Nund Reshi has also used śunun instead of bōzun, and Poguli today uses hunnu.

Likewise, tus’ instead of tuh’ ("you all") is found in Kishtwari.

(Laetin Kaeshur)

Haalas, tohi agar kuni mulkuk naav aasyev hyon, Kaeshir paeth, tuhi kaeryiv su naav istemaal yus buthimis nafras samaj tari. Ruus ya Russia, donway chalan. Hyondustaan ya India. Poland gow Polandiy, Polska waenith chu mushkil zi saariniy yiyi samaj. Khoda buuzin yemi dohe aes zan aazaad gatshow, ya yeli ti Kaeshur aekis thaedis paevis waati, tuhi kyah yaetshiv, baaqyan mulkan official naav dinuk osuul kyah gotsh aasun?

Saeriy naav pazne Farsi pyeth aayeit aasiyn?

Zan,

Hungary -> Majaeristaan

Russia -> Ruusiya

India -> Hend/Hyondustaan

China -> Chiin

Germany -> Aalmaan

Ya Arbi pyeth?

Hungary -> Hengaarya

Russia -> Ruusiya

India -> Hend

China -> Siin

Germany -> Almaanya

Ya kaerve tuih Angrizi naav istemaal yetyeth ti gaer-Angrizi naav aasi ne aam zabaani manz mojuud: Hangrii, Jarmanii

Ya yaetshiv tuih preth mulkuk panun naav kuni paeth Kaeshri phonology hisaabe maqbul banaevith Kaeshris manz istemaal karun? Zan, kuni paeth tith lafz istemaal kariyn yim Deutschlandas te Magyarországas siyt ralan?

Ya beyi kanh tareeqe? Vestaar saan diyizyev jawaab

(English)

For now, if you must refer to a country, in Kashmiri, you would use that name which the person in front of you might understand. Ruus or Russia, both work. Hyondustaan or India. Poland remains Poland, Polska would be hard for everyone to understand. God willing, when one day we shall be free, or when Kashmiri attains a higher status, what would you want to be the principle of giving official names to other countries?

Should all names be based on Persian?

E.g.,

Hungary -> Majaeristaan

Russia -> Ruusiya

India -> Hend/Hyondustaan

China -> Chiin

Germany -> Aalmaan

Or on Arabic?

Hungary -> Hengaarya

Russia -> Ruusiya

India -> Hend

China -> Siin

Germany -> Almaanya

Or would you use the English name wherever a non-English name is not present in the colloquial language: Hangrii, Jarmanii

Or would you want to use each country's own name, after adjusting it to Kashmiri phonology? For example, using such words that closely approach Deutschland or Magyarország?

Or some other way? Do answer in depth

From the report, Torture - Indian State's Instrument of Control in Indian Administered Jammu and Kashmir (2019), by JKCCS and APDP.

Though replete with examples of far worse, horrifying torture inflicted by Indian forces on largely civilians (301 out of 432 cases studied) that one cannot read without a sinking heart, the case of these three men is strange, neither side spared them a thrashing.

This is from the archives of the Tribune, under July 23, 1998. I do not remember hearing about this before, and searching on Google did not yield much. Additional information would be appreciated.

بھارتس گٔژھِن حِصہٕ-حِصہٕ اَلگ