
When Refusal Doesn’t Matter: Operation Epic Fury and the Erosion of Host Nation Consent
US forces operating from bases in Middle Eastern nations invited attacks from Iran, forcing a realignment with the US. Given the US interpretation of the mutual defense treaty between the US and the ROK, where forces stationed in Korea can be used in contingencies in the wider region, the author argues that South Korea may find itself a target regardless of its preconflict signalling, and therefore should become more involved in US defensive operations, while refusing to participate in or aid offensive actions.