Forcing Jewish Men & Women to Bear the Names "Israel" & "Sara"

"The Reich Ministry of the Interior invalidates all German passports held by Jews. Jews must surrender their old passports, which will become valid only after the letter “J” has been stamped on them.

The government required Jews to identify themselves in ways that would permanently separate them from the rest of the German population. In an August 1938 law, authorities decreed that by January 1, 1939, Jewish men and women bearing first names of “non-Jewish” origin had to add “Israel” and “Sara,” respectively, to their given names.

All German Jews were obliged to carry identity cards that indicated their heritage, and, in the autumn of 1938, all Jewish passports were stamped with an identifying red letter “J”. As Nazi leaders quickened their war preparations, antisemitic legislation in Germany and Austria paved the way for more radical persecution of Jews." https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1933-1938/reich-ministry-of-the-interior-invalidates-all-german-passports-held-by-jew

NOTE: The Swiss request for the "J" stamp was driven by a desire to block Jewish refugees at their border while avoiding a full diplomatic fallout with Nazi Germany.

Following Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria in March 1938, thousands of desperate Austrian Jews began fleeing toward Switzerland. In response, the Swiss government closed its borders to refugees who lacked pre-approved visas.

However, because German and Austrian passports did not explicitly state a citizen's religion or ethnicity, Swiss border guards could not easily tell who was a "standard" German tourist and who was a Jewish refugee seeking asylum. To solve this, Switzerland threatened to require visas for all German citizens.

To avoid this restriction on general travel, the Nazi regime agreed to a compromise proposed during negotiations led by Heinrich Rothmund, the head of the Swiss Federal Police.

On this day, an official agreement was finalized. Nazi authorities invalidated all existing passports held by German and Austrian Jews, requiring them to surrender the documents. The passports were only reissued after a large, red letter "J" (for Jude) was stamped on the front page.

The stamp provided Swiss border guards with a clear visual marker to instantly identify and deny entry to Jewish refugees. Historical investigations, such as the Bergier Commission report, concluded that this policy directly contributed to the Holocaust by closing off one of the last available escape routes just weeks before the violence of Kristallnacht.

1: “In 1943, little more than a year before his murder in Auschwitz, Nussbaum painted one of his most striking and devastating self-portraits titled “Self Portrait with Jewish Identity Card.”

Unlike the first two portraits discussed here, in this portrait, the symbols of Jewish identity do not come from the Jewish faith itself, but rather are symbols of persecution and degradation imposed upon Jews by the Nazis.

Turning his head to visually engage the viewer, Nussbaum seems to have been cornered next to a crumbling and dirty white wall (a symbol of menace in Nussbaum’s visual vocabulary). Lifting his coat collar up, he reveals the yellow badge of shame concealed under it, while his left hand shows us his Jewish identity card.

His expression is furtive, alert, his direct gaze is penetrating. What does it mean to us as viewers? Is it a conspiratorial gaze, asking us to help keep the secret of his Jewish identity? Is it the gaze of the accuser, demanding from the viewer answers as to why he has been allowed to be so humiliated and persecuted? Is this the terrified face his persecutors will see when he is eventually arrested in July, 1944?

Or perhaps, 17 years after first painting himself as a Jew, he again asks the viewer to consider the implications of what it means to be a Jew at this point in history, with the threat of annihilation looming so close. Beyond the wall, a dark cloud floats in the lowering dark sky, while windows of a nearby house witness the scene.

Do these windows represent the life-saving shelter of hiding, now lost? Perhaps they symbolize the bystanders, those who detachedly witness Nussbaum’s revelation from the safety of their own homes? The tree, which juts up on the other side of the wall, combines two symbols that appear repeatedly in Nussbaum’s artwork.

The most prominent part of the tree is limbless; a symbol in Jewish funerary art of a life cut short, and in Nussbaum’s art, a symbol of melancholy, hopelessness and death. In the midst of this dark and despairing scene with a portent of approaching doom, a blossoming branch grows from a lower limb of the dead tree, highlighted by a small patch of blue sky behind it. This small symbol of optimism represents the quintessentially human quality of hope. Even in the shadow of death, most people are loath to believe they will actually die.

In the midst of his horrible predicament, it appears that Nussbaum still held on to a glimmer of hope that he and his loved ones would somehow survive. Felix Nussbaum was one of six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust for merely being a Jew.

His genius, his vision, his voice were all snuffed out by those whose hatred prevented them from seeing Nussbaum as a human being. Until the bitter end, Nussbaum created his art, using his talent to visually portray his inner struggles with fear and solitude as an artist, a man, and a Jew spiraling toward catastrophe. Even under such horrific circumstances, in his brief 40 years of life, he still managed to bring great beauty to the world.

By seeing Felix Nussbaum’s artwork, and trying to understand its messages, we honor one of his last wishes: that after his death, his artwork would not die with him.” MORE---> Felix Nussbaum: Self Portraits of a Jew in Turmoil, by Liz Elsby

2: Left: “German police authorities issued this passport to Erna "Sara" Schlesinger on July 8, 1939, in Berlin.

This first page of the passport illustrates the German laws that facilitated the identification of Jews in Germany. From 1938, German regulations required that Jewish women with a first name of "non-Jewish" origin use the middle name "Sara" on all official documents. Jewish men had to add the name "Israel".

The letter "J" (standing for "Jude," that is, the word "Jew" in German) was stamped in red on the passports of Jews who were also German nationals. Erna Schlesinger immigrated to the United States in 1939.”

Right: “Passport issued to Lore Oppenheimer, a German Jew, with "J" for "Jude" stamped on the card. "Sara" was added to the names of all German Jewish women. Hildesheim, Germany, July 3, 1939.”

From "Shell Shock" to "PTSD" - How We Sterilized the Psychological Cost

"Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower distributes to his combat units a report by the U.S. Surgeon General that reveals the hazards of prolonged exposure to combat.

“[T]he danger of being killed or maimed imposes a strain so great that it causes men to break down. One look at the shrunken, apathetic faces of psychiatric patients…sobbing, trembling, referring shudderingly to ‘them shells’ and to buddies mutilated or dead, is enough to convince most observers of this fact.”

On the basis of this evaluation, as well as firsthand experience, American commanders judged that the average soldier could last about 200 days in combat before suffering serious psychiatric damage. British commanders used a rotation method, pulling soldiers out of combat every 12 days for a four-day rest period.

This enabled British soldiers to put in 400 days of combat before being deleteriously affected. The Surgeon General’s report went on to lament the fact that a “wound or injury is regarded, not as a misfortune, but a blessing.” The war was clearly taking a toll on more than just men’s bodies." https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ike-warns-of-the-risk-of-shell-shock

Brilliant George Carlin Video “In the age when torture has become "enhanced interrogation techniques"; when the rich are "job creators"; when murdered children are "collateral damage"; it is good to remember these brilliant words from the late, great, George Carlin. It is also good to remember that the phrase "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" has now been officially changed in American English to "PTSD", a totally lifeless non-threatening acronym, totally devoid of even pity and with an almost whiny feel to it.”---> George Carlin - Euphemisms

1: Right: Private First Class Frank Pomroy of the 1st Marine Division resting and visibly overwhelmed by exhaustion during the intense Battle of Peleliu in September 1944. The photograph became an iconic representation of extreme combat fatigue and the profound psychological toll experienced by service members in the Pacific Theater.

Left: 19-year-old U.S. Marine Private Theodore James Miller exhibiting the "thousand-yard stare" after two days of heavy combat.

Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands. February 1944. Taken by an official U.S. Coast Guard photographer as Miller climbed back aboard an assault transport.

The term "thousand-yard stare" describes a blank, unfocused gaze caused by extreme exhaustion and combat trauma. Theodore James Miller was killed in action just one month after this photo was taken, at the age of 19.

Tracking the Path of the Fanatical Austrian Nazi Who Orchestrated Widespread Extermination.

“Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 – 16 October 1946) was an Austrian lawyer, high-ranking SS official during the Nazi era, major perpetrator of the Holocaust, and convicted war criminal.

After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, and a brief period under Heinrich Himmler, Kaltenbrunner was named the third director of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which included the offices of Gestapo, Kripo and SD, serving from January 1943 until the end of World War II in Europe.

He was also the president of Interpol during the same time period. Kaltenbrunner obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Graz in 1926.

He joined the Nazi Party in 1930 and the SS in 1931, and by 1935 he was considered a leader of the Austrian SS. In 1938, he assisted in the Anschluss and was given command of the SS and police force in Austria. In January 1943, Kaltenbrunner was appointed chief of the RSHA, succeeding Reinhard Heydrich, who had been assassinated in June 1942.

A committed antisemite, Kaltenbrunner played a pivotal role in orchestrating the Holocaust, which intensified under his leadership. He oversaw the coordination of security and law enforcement agencies involved in widespread extermination, the suppression of resistance movements in occupied territories, extensive arrests, deportations, and executions.

He was the highest-ranking member of the SS to face trial (Himmler having committed suicide in May 1945) at the Nuremberg trials, where he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Kaltenbrunner was sentenced to death, and was executed by hanging on 16 October 1946. ...

At the Nuremberg trials, Kaltenbrunner was charged with conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Due to the areas over which he exercised responsibility as an SS general and as chief of the RSHA, he was acquitted of crimes against peace, but held responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Kaltenbrunner wheeled into court during the Nuremberg trials after a brain hemorrhage during interrogation. During the initial stages of the Nuremberg trials, Kaltenbrunner was absent because of two episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage, which required several weeks of recovery time. He was examined by Chief Medical Officer Lt. Col. Rene Juchli who reported that Kaltenbrunner was suffering from gallstones.

After his health improved, the tribunal denied his request for pardon. When he was released from a military hospital he pleaded not guilty to the charges of the indictment against him. Kaltenbrunner said all decrees and legal documents that bore his signature were "rubber-stamped" and filed by his adjutant(s). He also said Gestapo Chief Heinrich Müller had illegally affixed his signature to numerous documents in question.

Despite his reputation as "the man who terrified millions" and his intimidating appearance, Kaltenbrunner was, of the high-ranking Nazis on trial, one of the least capable of coping with the pressures of prison life.

American psychiatrist Douglas Kelley, who spent months interviewing and evaluating the prisoners, described him as "a crybaby ...the hardness of character which marked him as an executioner had been replaced with this soft, sobbing personality", who crumbled into fits of depression, and was deeply frightened by the prospects of the trial.

Kaltenbrunner argued in his defence that his position as RSHA chief existed only theoretically and said he was only active in matters of espionage and intelligence. He maintained that Himmler, as his superior, was the person culpable for the atrocities committed during his tenure as chief of the RSHA. Kaltenbrunner also asserted that he had no knowledge of the Final Solution before 1943 and went on to claim that he protested against the ill-treatment of the Jews to Himmler and Hitler.

Further denials from Kaltenbrunner included statements that he knew nothing of the Commissar Order and that he never visited Mauthausen concentration camp, despite documentation of his visit (see the picture captions below). At one point, Kaltenbrunner went so far as to avow that he was responsible for bringing the Final Solution to an end.

In response to his denials, people in the courtroom laughed.

During the trial, Hans Bernd Gisevius described Kaltenbrunner as "even worse than that monster Heydrich".

Conviction and execution

On 30 September 1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) found Kaltenbrunner not guilty of crimes against peace, but guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity (counts three and four). On 1 October 1946, the IMT sentenced him to death by hanging.

Kaltenbrunner was executed on 16 October 1946, around 1:15 am, in Nuremberg. His body, like those of the other nine executed men and that of Hermann Göring (who committed suicide the previous day), was cremated at the Eastern Cemetery in Munich and the ashes were scattered in a tributary of the River Isar.[” ALL THE DETAILS---> Ernst Kaltenbrunner - Wikipedia

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The Devastating Evidence Against Kaltenbrunner Presented at the First Nuremberg Trial-----> Avalon Project : Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression - Volume 2 Chapter XVI Part 6

1: Kaltenbrunner, Heinrich Himmler and August Eigruber (in black) inspect Mauthausen concentration camp in 1941, in the company of camp commander Franz Ziereis (center left)

2: Kaltenbrunner with Himmler and Ziereis at Mauthausen in April 1941

3: Kaltenbrunner (front row, second from left) as a spectator at a People's Court show trial following the failed 20 July plot in 1944

4: Kaltenbrunner testifying as a witness on his own behalf at the International Military Tribunal.

5: Kaltenbrunner wheeled into court during the Nuremberg trials after a brain hemorrhage during interrogation.

6: Kaltenbrunner's body after execution by hanging on 16 October 1946

How a United East End Crushed Oswald Mosley’s Fascist March at the Battle of Cable Street

The clash pitted the Metropolitan Police—sent to protect a provocative march by Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists—against an estimated 300,000 anti-fascist demonstrators, including local Jewish, Irish, communist, anarchist, and socialist communities uniting under the famous slogan "They shall not pass."

The ensuing melee left 175 people injured, including officers, women, and children. Occurring alongside the rise of Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco’s forces in the Spanish Civil War, this historic victory for solidarity not only halted the fascist march but also served as a profound political awakening, driving many British volunteers straight to Spain to fight for the Republicans.

“The battle took place when fascism seemed to be on the rise in other European cities, led by Hitler, Franco and Mussolini.

The fact that so many different communities came together and resulted in such huge numbers turning out against countervailing pressures tells us something”, Rosenberg says. “It was a victory for the united people of the East End.”

It was also an awakening for some in the British left, says London School of Economics research fellow Richard Baxell, only months after the outbreak of the Spanish civil war. “For some people that were involved in the protest, Cable Street was the road to Spain, and many would go on to volunteer as soldiers for the Republicans there”, he says.

Little is recognizable from that period on today’s Cable Street, apart from the faded street signs. Since 1936, the demographic of London’s East End has undergone multiple reincarnations, yet new residents have faced similar struggles.

The area became home to a large Bengali and South Asian community from the 1960s, which has faced racism incited by Britain’s far right. As Baxell understands it, anti-Semitism and racism “resurface in different guises”, evidenced by developments in Britain and Europe over the past year.

British politicians were criticized by the UN for allowing the divisive and anti-immigrant rhetoric surrounding Brexit to fuel a spike in reports of race hate crimes, a trend that has been replicated across the continent as countries struggle to handle the record influx of migrants from the Middle East and Africa.

The increasing intolerance displayed across the European political spectrum show that the same winds that blew across Cable Street eighty years ago still exist today, Rosenberg says. “We are fortunate that the far right in Britain is small and fragmented, but you just have to look at France, Germany, Austria and Hungary to see echoes of the 1930s in much more powerful and coordinated far right movements.” https://time.com/4516276/cable-street-battle-london-east-end-80-years

Antifa

The word "antifa" is a loanword from the German language, where it serves as a direct abbreviation for antifaschistisch (anti-fascist).

The term first gained prominence in 1932 with the creation of the Antifaschistische Aktion. This was a network initiated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) to build a unified front of workers and leftists to engage in physical direct action against Adolf Hitler’s paramilitary forces, the SA, in the violent final years of the Weimar Republic.

Following WW2, the label and its distinct two-flag iconography were revived by post-war de-Nazification committees. In the 1980s, the modern variation of the movement took root in West Germany’s autonomous squatter scenes and crossed into the United States via groups like Anti-Racist Action, who mobilized to physically confront neo-Nazi skinheads and white supremacists at punk concerts and community events.

Modern political rhetoric frequently weaponizes "antifa" as a highly effective, shadowy catch-all bogeyman. This narrative relies on a deliberate falsehood: framing a decentralized philosophy as a highly organized, centrally funded domestic terrorist group.

In reality, academic and law enforcement consensus confirms that antifa is a decentralized movement, a set of tactics, and an ideology—not an organization. It possesses no headquarters, no official membership roster, no funding hierarchy, and no singular leader.

The propaganda apparatus deliberately hallucinates a structured, monolithic enemy because it allows bad-faith actors to dishonestly brand any mainstream civil rights protest, left-leaning voter, or political opponent with the "antifa" label to instantly delegitimize their message.

Also, by magnifying or completely fabricating the scale of left-wing militant violence, it successfully distracts the public from the statistically far more lethal and pervasive threat of organized, far-right violent extremism. -W

1: Riots erupted between anti-Fascists and Blackshirts (British Fascists) when Mosley's supporters were gathering in Great Mint Street for a march through the East End of London in what is now called the Battle of Cable Street on Oct. 4, 1936.

The Criminalization of Any News Coverage Judged to "Weaken the Strength of the Reich."

"The Editors Law (Schriftleitergesetz) forbids non-“Aryans” to work in journalism.

The German Propaganda Ministry (through its Reich Press Chamber) assumed control over the Reich Association of the German Press, the guild which regulated entry into the profession. Under the new Editors Law, the association kept registries of “racially pure” editors and journalists, and excluded Jews and those married to Jews from the profession.

Propaganda Ministry officials expected editors and journalists, who had to register with the Reich Press Chamber to work in the field, to follow mandates and specific instructions handed down by the ministry. In paragraph 14 of the law, the regime required editors to omit from publication anything “calculated to weaken the strength of the Reich abroad or at home.” https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1933-1938/editors-law

>Editors are especially bound to keep out of the newspapers anything which: (…) tends to weaken the strength of the German Reich, outwardly or inwardly, the common will of the German people, the German defense ability, culture, or economy, or offends the religious sentiments of others.

Totalitarian Regimes Deeply Distrust a Free Press Because Their Survival Depends on Absolute Narrative Control.

When journalists are free to report, they act as an independent watchdog that exposes corruption, uncovers state failures, and gives a voice to public dissent. By revealing facts that contradict official state propaganda, a free press strips away a regime's illusion of infallibility and threatens its grip on power.

Persecuting opposition journalists is a calculated survival tactic designed to silence critics, eliminate alternative perspectives, and terrorize the public into compliance.

Modern authoritarians copy these exact same century-old censorship tactics with slavish, uninspired precision—proving that while technology evolves, the intellectual world of state paranoia remains thoroughly bankrupt. -W

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Nazi Germany’s Schriftleitergesetz: The End of Freedom of the Press - A law that fundamentally changed the work of journalists in Germany. -> Nazi Germany’s Schriftleitergesetz: The End of Freedom of the Press | Arolsen Archives

1: “A pedestrian stops to read an issue of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stuermer (The Attacker) in a Berlin display box. "Der Stuermer" was advertised in showcase displays near places such as bus stops, busy streets, parks, and factory canteens throughout Germany. Berlin, Germany, probably 1930s.” Public posting of the antisemitic newspaper "Der Stuermer" (The Attacker) | Holocaust Encyclopedia

Clubs, Hatchets, & the Systematic Slaughter of Survivors in a Forgotten Auschwitz Sub-Camp

"The penal company for women prisoners in Budy, about 7 km. from Oświęcim, was founded in June 1942 in reprisal for an escape from Auschwitz by a Polish woman prisoner.

400 women of various ethnic backgrounds were imprisoned in Budy. Their living conditions were lamentable, and the Germans forced them to perform backbreaking labor. German women criminals and prostitutes made up the cadre in charge of the penal company.

The massacre of the French Jewish women prisoners took place in early October. Using clubs, hatchets, and rifle butts—and throwing some of their victims from the windows in the loft of the building—female prisoner functionaries and SS guards butchered 90 women.

The camp administration investigated the incident, but failed to discover the cause. Commandant Rudolf Hoess defined the massacre as “a revolt instigated by prisoners who used stones and clubs in an attempt to terrorize the capo and make their way out of the camp.”

SS man Pery Broad claimed that a German woman noticed a stone in the hand of Jewish woman returning from the toilet to the dormitory room. Broad felt that this was a “hysterical illusion.” Nevertheless, the German woman called for help and shouted that the Jewish woman had struck her. At that point, the female supervisors and guards began slaughtering the French Jews.

The following day, the Germans exterminated all the women who remained alive after being injured in the massacre. They also killed six German women functionaries who had taken part in the incident." http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/the-budy-massacre-a-grim-anniversary,23.html

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"A sub-camp at a farm set up on agricultural land covering the localities of Budy, Bór, and, in part, Nazieleniec near Brzeszcze. In various periods, a men’s camp, women’s camp, and the women’s penal company (Strafkompanie) functioned there." DETAILS: http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/budy/

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Subcamp Auschwitz Bor/Budy: https://legendarykrakow.uk/2020/12/11/subcamp-auschwitz-bor-budy/

NOTE: No surviving photos of the Budy Massacre exist.

The event is documented through survivor testimonies and camp records. There is no visual evidence left due to systematic Nazi cover-ups.

Ironically, photographs were taken immediately after the massacre. The SS reconnaissance service (Erkennungsdienst) took photos of the scene and the victims as part of their internal investigation into the incident. However, to ensure that no proof of this horrific atrocity could leak to the outside world, the camp administration ordered the original photographs and all remaining copies to be destroyed.

The Nazi regime worked to maintain absolute secrecy regarding the daily operations and atrocities inside concentration camps and sub-camps. Regular guards and prisoner functionaries were strictly forbidden from carrying cameras or taking casual photos.

Following the massacre, the SS systematically executed the surviving injured victims and the six German prisoner functionaries involved to eliminate any firsthand witnesses who could speak about what happened.

1: The Penal Company at Work by Janina Tollik

“Recent days have seen the 65th anniversary of the tragic events that befell the women’s penal company of the Auschwitz German camp in the sub-camp at Budy, outside Oświęcim.

One night in early October 1942, German women prisoner functionaries battered 90 French Jewish women to death. The events of 65 years ago have never been fully explained. Many sources term it a mutiny. Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hoess referred to it as the “Budy-Revolte.”

The penal company for women prisoners in Budy, about 7 km. from Oświęcim, was founded in June 1942 in reprisal for an escape from Auschwitz by a Polish woman prisoner. 400 women of various ethnic backgrounds were imprisoned in Budy. Their living conditions were lamentable, and the Germans forced them to perform backbreaking labor. German women criminals and prostitutes made up the cadre in charge of the penal company.

The massacre of the French Jewish women prisoners took place in early October. Using clubs, hatchets, and rifle butts—and throwing some of their victims from the windows in the loft of the building—female prisoner functionaries and SS guards butchered 90 women.

The camp administration investigated the incident, but failed to discover the cause.

Commandant Rudolf Hoess defined the massacre as “a revolt instigated by prisoners who used stones and clubs in an attempt to terrorize the capo and make their way out of the camp.” SS man Pery Broad claimed that a German woman noticed a stone in the hand of Jewish woman returning from the toilet to the dormitory room. Broad felt that this was a “hysterical illusion.”

Nevertheless, the German woman called for help and shouted that the Jewish woman had struck her. At that point, the female supervisors and guards began slaughtering the French Jews.

The following day, the Germans exterminated all the women who remained alive after being injured in the massacre. They also killed six German women functionaries who had taken part in the incident.”

News / Museum / Auschwitz-Birkenau

David Ben-Gurion’s Historic Visit to the Bergen-Belsen Displaced Persons’ Camp

"Approximately 35,000 inmates died in the camp before liberation, from diseases, starvation and the harsh weather. After liberation, about half of the 60,000 liberated inmates perished.

A displaced persons’ camp was established in Bergen-Belsen, in which the liberated inmates carried on widespread cultural, political and social activities.

The visit of David Ben-Gurion, chairman of the Jewish Agency for Eretz Israel, in the DP camp in Bergen-Belsen was part of his visit to the concentration and DP camps in the vicinity of Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich, Heidelberg and Hanover, including Dachau and Bergen-Belsen. In the reports on his visit he wrote:

>“I saw the furnaces where they incinerated hundreds of thousands and millions of Jews throughout Europe- from the West, from the East, the South and the North, Ashkenazim and Sephardim, from all of the different ethnic communities and political parties… the few remnants, who were miraculously saved from the gas chambers, the forced labor, the tortures and the sufferings, from the beatings and the humiliation- in their name I bring to you (in Eretz Israel) blessings of brotherly peace.

They charged me with informing you of two requests. The first request: Jewish unity. Together, they died, were tortured and suffered, with no regard to tribe, origin, or political affiliation. The murderers did not distinguish… and the second request: the State of Israel. That is the last will and testament of millions of martyrs who went to their deaths: only because we are a nation lacking a homeland and a country we were murdered, and justice and freedom cannot prevail, unless this historical injustice that has been committed against us has been rectified.”

From "Ben-Gurion", by Michael Bar Zohar, Volume I (Hebrew), p. 531)

“As Ben-Gurion made his way to the hall, the survivors broke out in a powerful rendition of Hatikva.” From “The Road to Iyyar” by Shabtai Tevet

>“Shocked and deeply moved, Ben-Gurion walked through the camps and held long meetings with the refugees who had gathered around. He wanted to know everything: what they had experienced, how they are living, how much food they receive, if they want to make aliyah, if they are willing to put themselves in harm’s way in order to do so.” (Bar Zohar)

The DP camp in Bergen-Belsen was closed in 1951, and the majority of its inhabitants either immigrated to Israel or to other countries outside of Europe." https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/this-month/october/1945.html

1: David Ben-Gurion visits Holocaust survivors in Bergen-Belsen, Germany, October 1945 Yad Vashem Photo Archives 4613/196

In a Packed Royal Albert Hall, the Legendary Physicist Predicts the Doom of European Freedom

"Professor Albert Einstein spoke to a packed audience at the Royal Albert Hall for the first and only time, speaking of his fear of the looming crisis in Europe, asking “How can we save mankind and it’s spiritual acquisitions of which we are the heirs and how can one save Europe from a new disaster?”

This speech was made almost six years before war in Europe began and it would be another ten years before the full horrors of the war would be fully understood in Britain, but to Albert Einstein and other Jews living in Germany, the crisis had already begun. By 1933, Jewish academics in Germany had begun to lose their jobs on racial or political grounds, violence against Jews was escalating at an alarming pace and their properties and possessions were being confiscated.

In his speech at the Royal Albert Hall he declared:

>‘If we want to resist the powers which threaten to supress intellectual and individual freedom we must keep clearly before us what is at stake, and what we owe to that freedom which our ancestors have won for us after hard struggles.’

>‘Without such freedom there would have been no Shakespeare, no Goethe, no Newton, no Faraday, no Pasteur and no Lister. There would be no comfortable houses for the mass of people, no railway, no wireless, no protection against epidemics, no cheap books, no culture and no enjoyment of art at all.

>There would be no machines to relieve the people from the arduous labour needed for the production of the essential necessities of life. Most people would lead a dull life of slavery just as under the ancient despotisms of Asia. It is only men who are free, who create the inventions and intellectual works which to us moderns make life worth while.’

The Times reported that Einstein was wildly cheered on rising and during his speech, which was delivered in English. Other speakers at the meeting were physicist and Nobel Prize winner Lord Ernest Rutherford; leading anti-Nazi politician and Nobel Prize winner Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain; preacher and suffragist Dr Maude Royden and leading economist and social reformer Sir William Beveridge.

Lord Rothermere’s Daily Mail newspaper urged its readers to stay away from the meeting as they regarded Albert Einstein as a communist threat to the country. At this time, Lord Rothermere was a supporter of both Adolf Hitler and the British Union of Fascists.

Four days later, Albert Einstein sailed to New York from Southampton to start a new job at Princeton University, originally planning to be away for only six months.

He was never to return to Europe again." Search Results

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VIDEO CLIP (1:12) - Albert Einstein speaks at the Royal Albert Hall 1933

1: Einstein Royal Albert Hall, 1933 – Academics, scholars, spiritual leaders, and political activists, united against Hitler. Recognizable on the first row: Ernest Rutherford (physicist, director of the Academic Assistance Council), Austen Chamberlain (brother of Neville), Lord William Gascoyne-Cecil (the Bishop of Exeter – with beard and cross).

"When Someone Shows You Who They Are, Believe Them the First Time." -Maya Angelou

"A guillotine functioning after approved historic precedent awaits the men who made the German revolution of 1918 if the National Socialist party (Fascists) ever gets hold of the government.

This was solemnly predicted by Adolf Hitler today at the outset of his testimony before the criminal bench of the German Supreme Court, which is trying three Reichswehr officers for high treason in connection with alleged Fascist plotting in the German Army.

"If our movement succeeds," Herr Hitler said to the judge, "we shall erect a people's tribunal before which the November criminals of 1918 shall expiate their crime and I frankly predict you shall then see their heads rolling in the sand."

Will Combat Treaties

Responding to questions from the judge, Herr Hitler said:

>"We the National Socialists refuse to recognize the treaties concluded over the heads of the German people as of permanent duration and also propose to fight the war guilt lie. We shall seek to abrogate or revise these by diplomatic negotiations, and I solemnly assert if these fail we shall proceed to ignore or circumvent them, with legal means if possible; failing that, with illegal means. The world may call that illegal, but I am solely answerable to the German people for my actions."

The judge then asked whether the National Socialists proposed to stage a physical revolution in Germany. Herr Hitler said he believed that was impossible because the party was not an outlet for a revolutionary movement, but merely aspired to bring about a gigantic moral uprising along peaceful lines.

Herr Hitler made use of the opportunity to unburden himself of a patriotic oration which ranged between a savage indictment of conditions under the republic and defense of the Fascists, the plans of whom, he stoutly asserted, would be executed only within legal channels."

Sees Bigger Election Gains

The Fascists contemplate a gigantic intellectual awakening of the German people, and the 107 Reichstag seats captured in the last election would be expanded to 250 at the next election, he declared.

He vehemently denied having encouraged attempts to promote disintegration of Reichswehr discipline. He said he was opposed to such procedure as he also was to any other violence in furthering the party's aims.

Fascists who crowded the courtroom cheered their idol and met a stern rebuke from the judge, who reminded the spectators the session was neither a theatrical performance nor a political meeting.

A crowd of several thousand had besieged the venerable Supreme Court Building since 7 A.M., and there were frequent clashes between the police and jubilant Fascists, who either sought entry to the building or an opportunity to cheer their leader. Inside, further police precautions were required to maintain the staid dignity of the court.

Fifteen minutes before the session opened a police official stepped before the barrier which separated the spectators from the bench and admonished the former to observe a becoming decorum, especially when Herr Hitler entered the chamber, because the court otherwise would be compelled to resort to measures "which might be uncomfortable for the spectators." It was observed that this was the first time such precautions had been taken in sessions of the German Supreme Court."

Hitler Cheered on Arrival

Herr Hitler arrived shortly before 9 o'clock and was vociferously cheered as he gave the Fascist salute while walking up the steps into the building. He slipped almost unobserved into one of the seats reserved for witnesses. He was soon called to the witness stand, where the judge explained the nature of his subpoena and informed him he was present only as a witness, that he was expected to make truthful assertions regarding the aims of his party and tell whether it aspired to attain them through legal, constitutional methods. The court incidentally admonished him not to indulge in a lengthy political speech or to seek to defend himself.

After announcing that he had been born at Branau am Inn in Tyrol in 1889, Hitler said he had lost his Austrian citizenship because he had fought in the German Army from 1914 to 1918, when he was gassed and forced to remain in a hospital.

>"At the close of the war I clearly recognized that Germany was doomed to internal disintegration as a result of Marxism and internationalism and that even during the war democracy and pacifism had begun their work of destroying the vitality of the German people. I was convinced in 1918 that only a new national movement which would inflame a fanatic national zeal among the German people could effectively combat the Red terror of the Left parties. It was for the purpose of carrying on this work of illumination that the so-called storm divisions of the National Socialist Labor party were organized."

Herr Hitler began a length account which dealt with the expansion of his party and its subsequent part in German political activities. It carried him down to the Munich revolt in 1923 which was staged by him and in which General Ludendorff had an ignominious part.

That outbreak, he contended, was the result of events beyond his control, and the revolt, as such, was contrary to his wishes. He emphasized that the relations between the Federal Government and Bavaria had reached a state of latent war and it was only a question of whether a march on Berlin was to be undertaken under the blue and white colors of Bavaria or by other forces."

Party "Peaceful" Since 1925

Since 1925, he said, his organization had been directed into peaceful channels and sought to conduct itself as a strictly non-military political unit.

At this point in his testimony the judge intervened with an examination which resulted in more emphatic and picturesque declarations by the Fascist leader. He denied responsibility for any illegal currents in the Fascist ranks and said they had no secret aims. Replying to the court's question as to his attitude on the Reichswehr, Herr Hitler said:

>"I consider the Reichswehr the most important instrument for the restoration of the German State to the people. I have never undertaken any action inimical to the Reichswehr or tending to disrupt its discipline and morale. As a former soldier, I know only too well the folly and futility of such a policy. We are not foes of the Reichswehr and consider as its enemies and as enemies of the German people all who would seek to undermine it. Such elements in my party who toy with the thought of revolution have been summarily expelled or have voluntarily left it when informed of my attitude."

The judge then reminded Herr Hitler of a statement contained in one of his publications to the effect that "heads would roll in the sand" when his party came into power. It was here that the Fascist leader made his dramatic prediction of the guillotine.

Cries of "Bravo!" echoed through the chamber but they were quickly suppressed with a warning from the bench that the chamber would be cleared if the plaudits were repeated.

Herr Hitler became more informative as he proceeded to answer the questions of the judge with respect to some of the more immediate political aims of the Fascists.

"With ten years our movement has won a place as the second strongest political party in Germany," Herr Hitler replied.

>"In three years it will be the strongest party and in the future 35,000,000 of the 40,000,000 voters will support us. That Germany which today hails us into court will some day be glad that our movement was begun. National socialism will convert this defeatist and pacifist State into a nation of iron strength and will.

>To us the old imperial Germany was a State for which we were proud to fight—a State with glorious traditions. The second Reich in which we now are living is predicated on democracy and pacifism. We propose to make the third Reich one of healthy and vigorous nationalism—a State for the people, and shall put an end to the process of national disintegration. We shall accomplish this with legal and constitutional means, and shall mold our state into that form which we deem necessary for it."

Herr Hitler charged that the Reichswehr as it was now constituted did not represent the German people, that it no longer was an expression of the national spirit. The old imperial army, he said, was an exponent of the monarchical idea and urged that the Reichswehr in the new State should also feel itself responsible for the fate of the nation. He denied having sought political ingress into the ranks of the Reichswehr. He said he had prohibited the spread of his publications in the soldiers' barracks.

The judge reminded him that the Italian army made common cause with the Fascisti in October, 1922, and asked whether that would serve as a precedent for the National Socialists.

"The Italian Fascisti," replied Herr Hitler, "did not make a revolution in the sense the German Socialists did in 1918, for Mussolini proceeded in a strictly legal manner; otherwise he could not be the royal Premier today. Any force he applied was not directed against the state, but was aimed at the terror of the street mob."

Denies Violence Since 1923

Herr Hitler then was requested by the court to deny categorically that he at any time since the Munich revolt in 1923 had sought to change the German Constitution by violent means or that he had instructed his subordinates to do so. His denial was emphatic, and that ended his testimony.

Numerous official representatives of the German States attended today's session of the trial because their governments are concerned with the further progress of the National Socialists throughout Germany.

Under-Secretary Zweigert of the Reich's Ministry of the Interior submitted an exhaustive memorial at the conclusion of Herr Hitler's examination which purports to prove that the National Socialist party since its inception has been pursuing revolutionary tactics. Dr. Zweigert testified he possessed evidence proving that Herr Hitler gave the Bavarian Government his word of honor he would not undertake any putsch (revolt) there, despite which he staged his insurrection in 1923. Dr. Zweigert demanded that the government's memorial be made part of the official evidence to offset Herr Hitler's personal testimony, which he declared was insufficient and not binding on the party as a whole.

Counsel for the three accused Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Scheringer, Ludin and Wendt, objected on the ground that the charges were not supported by documentary evidence. Dr. Zweigert was dismissed as a witness despite the motion of the prosecuting attorney that the memorial be received as evidence. The hearing was adjourned to Friday." https://www.billdownscbs.com/2017/05/1930-hitlers-outburst-at-leipzig-draws.html

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HITLER BIO CONTEXT---> https://1rs.neocities.org/ht17.html

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How Adolf Hitler popularized ‘heads will roll’ in 1930 - https://wordhistories.net/2018/06/23/heads-will-roll/

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VIDEO - The Leipzig Trial Sept 1930 - “A brief explanation of why Hitler's speech at the trial of three soldiers, accused of spreading Nazi revolutionary aims in the Army, provided an opportunity for him to convince the State authorities that cooperation with the Nazi Party was possible.” ---> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31SwSCoyfFs

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1: Left: “Army lieutenants Hans Ludin (far left), Richard Scheringer, and Friedrich Wendt were arrested and tried for treason for establishing contacts with the Nazi leadership and for advocating the formation of Nazi cells within the Reichswehr.

The trial created a public sensation. Called as a witness for the defense, Adolf Hitler (center) used the trial as public relations opportunity to assert that the Nazi party remained within the bounds of legality and that it respected the independent role of the armed forces.

He also stated that “heads would roll” when the National Socialists came to power and that those responsible for twelve years of bad government would have to account for their actions." Hitler on the Witness Stand at the Reich Court in Leipzig (September 25, 1930) | German History in Documents and Images

Right: Elections in Memel today Lithuanians say Nazis terrorize voters with cheerful slogan.

>“Hitler is coming and heads will roll”.