$TSM's trailing P/E is 1.16, its forward P/E is 22.15.
That gap between 1.16 and 22.15 is not a data error. It's telling you how fast earnings moved in the last twelve months versus what analysts expect going forward.
The trailing figure reflects an earnings number that already happened, and it was massive. The forward figure reflects where analysts think earnings normalize from here. The spread between those two numbers is the entire debate about $TSM right now. Either the last twelve months were a one-time surge and 22x is the real multiple, or the business keeps compounding and 22x is still cheap.
The 1-year return is 94%. The 3-year CAGR is 62%. EPS growth is running at 27.72%. The dividend grew 17.53% annually and they still only pay out 21% of free cash flow.
Do you trust the trailing number or the forward number, and does that answer change whether you buy $TSM today?