
I ranked the major European powers from 1600 to the dawn of the 19th century based on how much power they were able to project within Europe, taking into account military strength, diplomatic influence, and economic power. Don't take it too seriously, and let me know where you agree or disagree
I struggled the most with a few things. First of all, it was difficult to decide whether England or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was more powerful in the early 17th century. The most difficult part for me, however, was the second half of the 18th century, particularly the placement of Austria, Prussia and Russia.
Keep in mind that this is about power projection on the European continent and not about power projection anywhere else in the world. That's why Spain and Portugal score lower than you might expect and also why Russia only strarts rising in the 18th century
I also don't view the Ottoman Empire as European power, but as a non-European power that held territory inside Europe. That's why I didn't rank them. (But you are free to discuss were they would be placed)