

Were Telugu farmer castes - Reddy, Kapu, Kamma, Velama considered sections of a single large Kapu caste until recently? Hyderabad state records clubs them into a single caste 'Kapu'.
Are they autosomally homogeneous or are they heterogeneous like the Kunbi cluster of Maharashtra? Kapu & Kunbi have the exact same meaning.
Kunbi cluster is also made of 13 distinct subcastes, (some traditional farmers like Tirale, Lewa, Dakkhani Kunbis while others like Jhare, Dongri, Lonari etc Kunbi castes originate from artisans and tribals like Kolis & Dhangars that became peasants). Much of the Kunbi cluster has either completely or partially sanskritized as Maratha in recent decades, encouraged for political reasons by the Maratha proper/Shahnnav Kuli political elite. Kapu cluster interestingly shows a completely opposite phenomenon.