
u/GaryGaulin

Theory of Evolution in the Quran (Tafsir) - Dr. Sayed Ammar Nakshawani - Talk starts at 2:30
Explores the compatibility between Islamic theology and the theory of evolution, arguing that Muslims should not fear scientific inquiry. The speaker emphasizes that the Quran encourages observation and travel to understand the origins of life, aligning with the methods used by Charles Darwin. While the text accepts scientific concepts like natural selection and common ancestry, it distinguishes between the physical development of the body and the unique divine soul granted to humans. The discussion rejects the idea of randomness in creation, asserting instead that evolution is part of a complex, intelligent design orchestrated by God. Ultimately, the source advocates for a worldview where science and religion coexist, viewing the physical laws of nature as a subset of a broader spiritual reality.
TRANSCRIPT: hey the theory of evolution is a theory that still evokes a negative response i'm sure you'll all agree in religious circles in muslim circles in christian circles you'll find that people look at the theory of evolution with contempt they believe that you're questioning intelligent design and your questioning therefore god and revelation when you subscribe to evolutionary theory and so you find that certain muslim majority countries actually ban the discussion of evolution when i say they ban the discussion of evolution what i mean by that is that if you were to look in saudi arabia or algeria or even oman there was a period of time where the discussion of evolution of charles darwin and what was postulated was not allowed to be taught even i'm sure many of the listeners would agree that even when we were growing up as soon as you heard evolution you thought no i don't believe in this no this is haram we do not subscribe to evolution are you questioning god's creation are you saying that we evolved for example in our simple understanding that we evolved for example from the monkey or the ape and so on and so forth and so therefore when we discussed yesterday about religion's relationship with science we said that christianity had a major problem rehabilitating itself and recovering from the way it treated science and hence when we saw the renaissance and when we saw the reformation we saw a period where enlightenment was in some cases to be far away from what revelation was giving us the reality is that even if i'm going to discuss evolution whether it's evolution in the quran or evolution generally it's important for me to discuss it for a couple of reasons the first reason is because in the same way thermodynamics and gravity are accepted in the scientific community likewise evolution is accepted in the scientific community yes many muslims will turn around and say it's only a theory it's a theory that can be questioned it's a theory that can be debated whether we like it or we don't in the world today there are more people who are going to subscribe to what darwin has discussed when talking about the origin of species when talking about natural selection then what religion puts forward that's on the first level but on the second level there shouldn't be a problem discussing the physical world because the physical world to me as a muslim is a subpart of the whole system the physical world isn't the whole system it's a subpart of the whole system there are many other aspects of life that require discussion that which we observe of the natural laws or the natural sciences is one part of our understanding of what this life is all about we unfortunately when we get scared about discussing evolution it's as if we're falling into the trap of those who want us to believe that this discussion is the be-all and end-all for me discussing the development of primates the discussion of the development of different creatures in the plant kingdom in the animal kingdom in the human kingdom it's a wonderful discussion why would i shy away from it there are certain scholars in islamic history who people allude to their discussions about evolution for example so it's not like there weren't certain discussions about the development of the human being whether you looked at some works which are attributed to the likes of jahil or tusi or mascara even all of them in one way or the other have sought to understand our development as human beings when you hear terms such as homo erectus homo sapiens understanding the development of different creatures as well as using archaeological evidence using fossils this is something wonderful because look one thing we don't ever want to fall into is this trap that there's a war between the evolutionists and the creationists because the moment a creationist says i agree with the theory of evolution kill him burn him the moment someone who believes that the theory of evolution says listen there's a possibility of intelligent design here the likes of anthony flew who were avid atheists their whole life and then become deists right at the end where they recognize that you know what the aristotelian god may have some truth there needs to be an intelligent designer who's powerful this structure that we see in front of us too complex there may be randoms in this world but not enough for me to deny that there must have been an intelligent designer what we can never fall into is this trap that i'm purely a creationist and i'm anti-evolution or the other side i'm purely evolution and i don't want to hear about creation because the reality is that our knowledge of the physical world is still in flux do you agree even in the world of science what's it mainly about they want you to continue to observe continue to experiment hypothesis come back and forth and give your arguments back and forth even our knowledge of the world there are certain things we know about dna there's no way that even our own muslim scholars in some cases 500 years ago that no many of them didn't know about some of the things we know about dna many of them may have looked at certain aspects of natural selection or adaptation may have thought you know what darwin and wallace have a point over here there's something there's something true here in the same way if i turn that around if you were living in the time of for example the holy prophet peace be upon him as family and someone bought you an iphone you'd look at that as a miracle whereas today you look at it as the development of science if you were living in the time of the holy prophet peace be upon him and his family and at that time someone was showing you for example this idea that there one day will be a machine with wings that'll take you up above the seventh heaven you'll be like that's absurd but now we fly on them or we used to pre-call it so now we don't want to fall in this trap where we give conclusions about the natural world rather we want to enjoy the way darwin enjoyed now someone might call me um an apostate after i just said that line we should enjoy the way who enjoyed darwin how dare you say we should enjoy the way darwin enjoyed darwin loves to travel darwin loves to observe he does in reality what the quran wants him to do because the quran itself if you look for example surah 29 verse 20 of the quran my dear viewers at home today i'm going to make you move from one side of the quran to the other and i want a cut or a commission of your foreign surah 29 of the quran verse number 20 darwin when he travels to south america aboard hms beagle when he travels to south america and he travels to australia he's traveling to observe life to observe different forms of life do we agree because we have to admit there is a close evolutionary relationship amongst all primates we agree with those who espouse randomness one thing is that there is a close relationship between all primates darwin in surah 29 verse 20 when the quran says travel in the earth and see how creation was originated what's he doing because what's the lead up to his theory darwin doesn't just wake up one day and have a theory what's the lead up to his theory about how we came about or how we evolved or how we developed or how we integrated or how we adapt adapted darwin goes to south america and goes to australia he looks at all these different forms of plants and animals and it's so wonderful this is intriguing those who go deep sea diving 60 feet below they're seeing all these different forms of animals different creations of god creations that you know of creatures that you don't and he becomes intrigued by this why because what he looks at he sees finches he sees beaks of different shapes he begins to ask a question about these animals because the birds in this world are wonderful the birds are beautiful wherever you travel on the earth and you come across a new bird and you're looking at that bird and you're thinking to yourself wow some of us may think that this has come purely from intelligent design others might think it's randomness but darwin begins to look and he begins to ask the question these are all finches but they look different to each other how have they adapted to their environment and how do they survive because there must be something about how we've survived how if animals survived all this time there are certain aspects of what then is developed that i'm sure you'll all agree with me on species that are now exist are now extinct that existed a long time ago do we all agree on that so does islam believe in dinosaurs listen if fossils are showing me then why should i reject does islam believe in dinosaurs yes does evolution say that there are species that are now extinct that lived a long time ago yes does evolution say that the age of this earth spans billions of years yes do we agree with that as muslims yes i showed yesterday nabi adam father of this generation doesn't mean that there weren't generations before him do we also agree to an incredible diversity in life forms this is darwin there's an incredible diversity in life forms or there isn't also similarity across these species so diversity and similarity do we all agree there's only certain areas that we may differ but where we agree on with darwin is unless you travel on this earth and unless you observe go to solar 67 verse number three of the quran surah 67 verse number three many of you at home would have read this particular surah and verse you go to suratul mulk and when you go to surah allah subhanahu wa ta'ala wants you to be a scientist being a scientist is simply you studying the laws of the universe the constants you're not doing anything blasphemous he created the seven heavenlies above lays you will not see in the creation of god any defect or incringuity but the main thing is what does god want us to do to look at his creation do you agree no look again don't just look once don't just look and say yes it exists don't just look and start giving theories look again think back ask yourself how does all this come about someone says but do you know the problem with you religious people yes your quran we admit it says travel on the earth be like darwin that we agree with and your quran says look like darwin looked and no don't just look once keep looking again bring those eyes back and have a look again problem with you guys is you end up using rational and not always using the empirical and you end up using philosophy alongside science firstly if you're telling me that every conclusion i reach has to be something that i see or i touch or i taste or i smell or i hear the empirical even that that you're telling me comes from rational sentence that sentence can that be disproved in a science lab that you can only use your senses anything outside of the senses cannot be used no so even that is not something that i can even examine in a lab secondly they're right because i will use some philosophy because this is only a subpart of the world i live in not the violet and all when i'm gonna use philosophy in relation to all this creation it's because i come across certain moments where observation stops when i come across certain moments where observation stops after that what do i do you observe and i observe after that you describe and i describe we go in a world you want to call it philosophy or we'll call it speculation which moment do scientists across the board agree on is the moment that beef that before that we can't use scientific apparatus to know exactly what happened what do they call that moment planck's moment big bang is discussed if you go to and i'm not going to say the quran look i don't like falling into the strap of the quran discusses big bang what i do know is that the quran gives you certain guidances on then you doing further research with the tools that you have after big bang we're able to use apparatus mathematics science and so on planck's moment before that we go in a world of asking what's going on because let's all go surah 21 my dear brother sisters people always ask big bang in the quran it doesn't discuss the big bang doesn't it it certainly discusses something that's happening and the primordial soup let's go to surah 21 of the quran verse number 30. we've all agreed that the genetic code begins cells begin to form they're all increa incorporated in life on earth the metabolism energy is formed in body organisms okay um they utilize food like sugars carbohydrates all of this i see occurs in what's known in a water basin known as the primordial soup because they'll always say to you do you know yes sir do you know said do you know do you know how did we all come about randomly you know this genetic code and cells begin to form there's certain reactions and you the human being come about that's one angle and they say that what happens is all this occurs in a water base and known as the primordial soup i want everybody at home to discuss this with their families the water basin known as the primordial soup if sometimes now you ask online if you asked online how did life begin you'll see online that says life originated near a deep sea hyperthermal vent we have a water basin we have soup we have a deep sea hyper thermal vent water water water water water okay sula 21 30. do those who not believe in our theory of intelligent design the heavens and the earth were one piece and then we opened them up we expanded them we claimed them asunder what do we normally call this the big bang people normally call the big bang i don't want to fall in the strap of saying the quran is a science book the quran and so on so forth but heavens and the earth were one and then the world of science before this moment cannot give you any more discussion you ask hawking you ask others planck's moment before that it's either speculation or it's philosophy i really don't mind because that's the limitations of science science observe observe observe observe then what then how do i understand the meaning of this whole life because this is only a subset of life the quran says no no hold on observe the fact that the heavens and the earth at one moment everything that's alive is islam against evolution no why should it be if evolution is telling me about a genetic code it's telling me about the development from a single cell no problem no problem and it's talking about reactions according in this uh occurring in this primordial soup sorry if i'm making you guys hungry i know if that is only about an hour away water basin primordial soup the quran here says we created everything from from what water is the source of all creatures life and almost all creatures what are they made up of the most water muslims why have you got a problem with the theory of evolution if it says that there are adaptations because of those finches we agree if it says natural selection we agree selective types of breeding that how do we have antibiotics and certain vaccines you're trying to see survival who's going to survive some people survive some don't if you're telling me about a water basin and a primordial soup we agree you know many times when muslims say uh you ask a muslim how were you created they always say allah said so what's wrong maybe our understanding of intelligence design darwin had found better than we have said it says the um he wants something he says being it will be i have no doubt because i believe in a god where he is beyond the dimensions of time and space big bang is for us before that before planck's moment we go to an intelligent designer that's only me but if you're telling me evolution is telling me that there's mutations that occur in the environment definitely why not if evolution is telling me that there's adaptations in the environment of course there are even us as human beings how did we survive in certain areas are there animals how do they survive in areas some their beaks are bigger some there you look at the moth at one time moths were all eaten up because they had different colors then when there was smog in london the darker the more the more it survived so even in the world of moths there is an adaptation to the environment there are some people who survive some oth don't we have people in our family genetically they survive others heart attack 38 41 47 yes survival of the fittest but there's a difference while we agree with survival of the fittest human a human who adapts a human who procreates a human who's so similar to other primates we agree primates where's the difference for us first and foremost is that this human is the most honored creation in this whole soup in the quran the human is honored in many ways first the spirit of the lord is breathed into the human that is not something we necessarily see when i'm discussing science but not the science need to take that leap no problem let science remain where science is the human when god says that we breathe our spirit into the human that takes you above being purely physical now you are soul and body and because of that what do you become because that first interaction of soul and body i mentioned yesterday chapter 7 verse 172 there is this discussion between god and souls do you remember that discussion i don't remember that discussion but the quran says there was a discussion where we aren't just evolved creatures bring me fossils and show me when i lived and show me all the laws of how i evolved i haven't got a problem with that but either human being according to islam first and foremost i'm honored because of the soul the lord gave me i'm not just physical there are animals who live in this world they can't recollect they can't appreciate history they can't appreciate art even language is a gift i've been given others haven't we used to have an african grey parrot at home casco african grey can speak but how much do you have to speak for it to speak aloe allo hello hello african grey can become shakespeare can become lao ju can become jibran the human being alone the language that they have god mentions as fundamental and differentiating with all other creatures famous sword 55 go quickly to surah 55 of the holy quran my dear brothers sisters all of you know the surah inside out but it reminds us that there is a difference between us and the other primates who i do not deny that we're similar to but there's certain differences which make me a human and which make you as crazy as a monkey sort of 55 verse number what verse number one read it for me please my dearest brother minhal read me the first few verses the merciful these translations i'm only using what's there i could go deeper into the original it's a molecule no problem in s who can write who can produce what the human has produced who can recollect and reflect on their history now do you see what i'm doing if i stick to science as the be-all and end-all i haven't described the human but if i say science is a subset let's observe let's appreciate let's look at the fossils then i'm open for more discussion about the greatness of that human being therefore how does allah talk about the human being in the quran surah 17 verse number 70 go to surah 17 verse number 17. if ever anyone asks you you know how does islam view the human being this ayah is wonderful surah 17 my dear brother sisters at home verse number 70 adam i don't even need to say anything else and we indeed have honored the children of adam i'm just going to stop there is there a better line that we have honored the children of adam further than that chapter which other can we refer to the human also different from other primates there's a primordial nature unique to them a primordial nature that recognizes the lord chapter 30 verse 30 go to chapter 30 verse number 30 and you'll see this discussion in islamic thought when it comes to the identity of the human honored by god god's caliph on earth with a soul and a primordial nature that makes them different to the world of animals set your face upright on the right religion a nature caused by god in which he has made people when we say god creates an islam stop focusing on just design focus on what is the make up of that creation what's the identity human caliph of god rep of god on earth soul primordial nature ability to express like no other primate has ever been able to that is the human in the eyes of world even if i go a bit further darwinism while many discuss it biologically one of its problems is what is social darwinism social darwinism i'm looking at the idea that good and bad right and wrong are not universal concepts good and bad right and wrong relative not universal concepts don't be utilitarian right and wrong ah again in the makeup of the human being in the quran allah will tell us for example which surah if you look in and i think probably uh sora shems you don't have to go to my dear sisters because there's so many verses to come but when f by the soul of the human of the self of the human and the one who perfected it means to literally force down the throat he inspired it to be able to either destroy itself through doing bad or cover itself through doing good successful successful is the one who purifies their soul so for us when we're looking at darwinism there is a social construct which we reject as well that there's no such thing necessarily and this comes later on and the way colonialism happens you can go into an anthropological discussion on this but the main point for us number one the identity of the human being an interaction through a primordial nature with a soul expression this is a different creature altogether i don't mind even if you say to me that we all came from a single cell where did that single cell come from because all we're going to go back is to infinite regression and that's why another area that we differ with so we said that the theory of evolution there's many parts of it we agree with we said parts of survival the fittest and mutations and adaptations and the environment the existence of the earth and for example certain species being extinct and others we agree we said however it doesn't offer me an understanding of a moral worldview not at all because empirically i can't test some of these moral constructs what else is a problem randomness look i don't mind if you want to believe that all this is random i don't know you want to go to a mathematician like penrose or you want to go to an ex-atheist like flu they're going to turn around to say listen i know there's some random stuff but not that random for you to reject that there must have been a a designer yes you can be a deist they'll say you don't have to believe in the lord of muhammad and moses because einstein or anthony flew couldn't conceive of or accept why there's evil so the god of moses or the god of jesus or muhammad they may reject but they'll say that there is a god and that's why in the quran god keeps on reminding us that look at the creation you know even where is the verse in the quran oh god i knew i should have done my research on this one you know how darwin observed the finches and it made him think even in the quran god tells us look at the creation of the birds i think in surah 16 it's 1679 i think or 1689 try and get there my dear brothers and sisters surah 16 is it 79 yes alhamdulillah otherwise that could have gone horribly wrong in surah 16 the quran verse number 79 god wants you to observe creation and the main point is that the randomness aspect of all of us emerging randomly and there's no purpose that is rejected surah 16 verse 79 do they know do they not look towards the birds these are signs for a people who believe i don't deny if you want to show me results of birds and their evolution birds and their survival but do not tell me that this bird was a creation in vain rather i am the one just look at it look at the poise and do you ever ask who looks after its journeys and who has structured it the way it's been structured if you look for example surah 31 verse 11 let's go 31 11. um in surah 31 verse number 11 you've got this wonderful discussion here again where allah wants us to reflect on this creation in surat lokman verse number 11 what does god say bismillah this is the creation of allah this is the creation of allah show me those who you call upon besides him what did they create what did they create another eye of the quran and surah 38 27 there is this wonderful ayah as well where god again takes us to his creation but this time you know what he's saying don't say it's random i beg you randomness we reject there is a purpose there is an intelligence there is a power verse 27 38 we created not the heavens nor the earth and what is between them in vain this is the imagination of those who disbelieve faway will be to those who disbelieve because of the fire i remember when when i when i was younger we i think frederick canute and nicholas and elka both converted to islam in a certain period and kanute was discussing his conversion and there was there was a stream of i think french players who had converted and of the verses that affected them was this we did not create all of this in vain don't say it's random of course if someone wants to say it's random i'm not here to compel someone to follow my worldview my worldview here is saying what is saying that darwin's theory there are many things we agree with but if we were to differ on certain things we differ maybe on where does it offer us more what does it offer us morally randomness and macrocosm evolution or microcosm evolution what do we mean species changing within one another we can see there's changes within a species i can see the beak is bigger the beak is smaller the beak is longer the legs are bigger the legs are smaller the feathers the wings and so on that we cannot deny microcosm microevolution on a microcosmic level we don't have a problem with but a change of an entire species into another macro evolution that's where the difference is so when someone turns around to you and says to you so do you guys for example believe in evolution you could say on what micro evolution or are you asking me about macro evolution micro evolution you can show me and don't just show me i want to see i want to enjoy i want to enjoy the development of the survival of these animals but you telling me of a complete species change not only is it so hard to replicate in the lab i think you'll agree with me has anyone replicated that whole species change in the lab yet no it hasn't been done someone might say yeah but you know science we keep looking okay keep looking there's no problem this is a sub part of my world view not my whole world view so you're not gonna really hurt me by showing me but for me going down the line that the human being with their morals with their potential with their capability yes i agree animals sleep we sleep animals eat we eat animals have sex we have sex but above that the rational intelligence and the level that the human can reach which animal can ever lay claim that it came near einstein's mind or it comes near the minds of many of the great philosophers and the great mystics that's where we have a difference so you see for us originally there was an important point and that is don't get thrown into the idea that this is the meaning of life the physical no rather this is a part of it and that's why when you look within the quran allah subhanahu wa ta'ala virtually concludes this whole discussion in a unique way and what way is that is that he actually tells you that listen you can look for many great artists because the reality is that when we're looking at the creation we obviously look for the creator and so when i'm looking at theories which are postulated and i wouldn't just say darwin i'd say those who come a lot later because darwin there is still a possibility of a discussion of observing the laws without denying the creator there is still that possibility whereas those who come later no you observe all of this there's no such thing as god this is all fairy tales in the quran and surah 27 verse number 88 god replies back to those who say there is no intelligent designer behind all of this this is just the soup it was brewing and it just came forth in front of all of us and surah 27 verse number 88 god wants to show you that those who are saying such things we don't lose any sleep why because just even look at the mountains even the mountains we wouldn't put in the world of randomness you will see the mountains which you think are firm solid but they pass away like the passing clouds what does it then say after that this is the artistry of allah who has made everything firm this is beautiful emmis last night we looked at the difference between insane and bashar when we created the human then we talked of the bashar called adam sometimes islam muslims say look here there's a difference from we have sana we have the idea of an artistry a sculpture you can't fathom creation then fathom the sculpture that i bring before you and many of you have not even laid eyes on that sculpture you've seen humans and some of the animals but many of you have not seen all of them and many of you not seen plants you will never see a sculpture you will never see an artist like allah so therefore for us we look at eyes in the quran which conclude this whole discussion and surah 82 of the quran look how many times allah just wants you to wake up to the reality of the fact that all you have to do is observe and you'll realize that this was from intelligent design and that the human being is the highest creation in many cases except when they misbehave in surah 82 verse number 6 what has beguiled you from your lord the most gracious the one who created we won't stop there and fashioned unjustly proportioned which ever formed he willed he casted you took the warning but you believe the day of judgment that means that those who had the debate about intelligence design versus randomness existed when the quran was around and it will continue to exist and there is no compulsion they want to follow what they want to follow it's up to them but for us as muslims the quran was open to discussion of biology it was open to discussion of the development of the human being it was open to development of the creation of the creation that we see around us all it said is that you know what there might have been an intelligence designer before this if before planck's moment you're able to continue to find continue to research there's no problem and that's why i love this one quote which i thought i'll read for all of you there is a grand jaw in this view of life with its several powers having been originally breathed by the creator into a few forms or into one and that was this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of gravity from so simple a beginning endless forms of beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved that's the quotes of said no charles darwin was allah hey why
Evolutionary Theory, Cognitive Biology, Intelligent Evolution, and Intelligent Design for Islam
In human chromosome speciation two of the 24+24=48 chromosomes from each parent fused into a big giant one, which gave us our 23+23=46 chromosome "human" configuration that goes back to a (first "human" couple) Chromosomal Adam and Eve. The ancestral 48's would have been almost human, but they went extinct right after, nothing now living exactly like them.
The 48 chromosome "closest relatives" bonobos and chimps are distant, not the population of 48's and transitional 23+24=47's (from other families to interbreed with instead of incest) we emerged from that right away made it impossible to reproduce with 48's, were on our own with no going back from that kind of genetic best guess for a whole new species, not tiny change.
The word "ape" is for the lineage of 48's and their descendents, which includes us, but we did not come from Chimps or Bonobos that's just what some of what the more distant 48's became over time.
For more on the process and how it can be intelligent I have theory that begins two different ways, either "Intelligent Evolution" that the co-discoverer of "Evolution by Natural Selection" Darwin usually gets all the credit for, Alfred Wallace, who peers thought went nuts for talking about something like this being possible but at the time there was no such thing as cognitive biology:
https://www.reddit.com/r/IntelligentEvolution/comments/xsmuuw/how_intelligent_evolution_works/
In the 1990's a Christian "Intelligent Design" movement made Alfred Wallace a hero in books about a Theory of Intelligent Design that the schools all needed to teach in science class, but they did not have the cognitive science to explain how their "intelligent cause" works. Left all that to religious imagination. In this version the first sentence begins with their premise/hypothesis that ends up testing true, in all that follows it:
https://www.reddit.com/r/IDTheory/comments/p2ukoa/formal_introduction_to_a_testable_theory_of/
It might not be what the Discover Institute first imagined but in 2026 that's what modern cognitive biology made possible, for science teachers to teach in class, about the evolutionary mechanism that exists in the behavior of matter explained in science textbooks.
After billions of years of learning our genetics are very good at sensing conditions and regulating our morphology, to get through another ice age or unimaginable scorching heat, by passing on changes in offspring that they need. After billions of years of learning it's incredibly intelligent, for what it does. I have faith in that being there for our descendents. Our purpose in each lifetime is to teach them well.
What Does Islam Say About Evolution? | Islam Weekly
Is it ok for me to believe in evolution? Many Muslims ask this question because it is hard to reconcile reasonable scientific evidence with our belief in God. Yet, you might be surprised by the answer, watch to find out.
Brief Academic Summary of Agnosticism (From Encyclopedia Text)
Agnosticism, as Huxley defined it, was a form of intellectual honesty, a demand for evidence and rational thought, a refusal to accept ideas on faith. Toward the end of "Agnosticism and Christianity," he summarized his position by saying that agnosticism "is not a creed 'statement of belief', but a method." He went on to say that at the basis of agnosticism is a single principle. That principle says that in intellectual matters, a person has to follow reason as far as it will go, "without regard to any other consideration." Another way of putting it is that a person should not say that conclusions about God are certain when they cannot be demonstrated. Huxley concluded, "That I take to be the agnostic faith, which if a man keep whole …, he shall not be ashamed to look the universe in the face, whatever the future may have in store for him."
He did not reject the miracles recorded in the Bible; he asked whether evidence showed that they could have and did happen. He also had little use for atheists (those who did not believe in God), and he rejected charges that he was a "materialist," someone who believes only in the physical, material world and not in abstract concepts such as morality and ethics, or a code of principles. He did not oppose the study of theology as long as it was conducted in a scientific manner.
Agnosticism is now used to describe a series of related beliefs. While agnosticism still is used to describe a state between belief and disbelief, modern thinkers blur the distinctions that Huxley tried to make between agnosticism, atheism, and other forms of questioning dogmatic beliefs.
Bucking threats, hundreds in Gaza seen protesting Hamas for first time in a year
timesofisrael.comOvercoming Religious Fixation & Anxiety Through Science: Free Learning Resources
The r/IslamicScience subReddit is to help prevent, and for all who may struggle with overwhelming religious anxiety, intrusive thoughts about spiritual warfare, or a feeling that you are trapped in a cycle of fear regarding a deity, you might be experiencing what psychologists call Religious Trauma Syndrome (RTS).
When spiritual concepts cause severe psychological distress, your brain’s amygdala is trapped in a permanent "fight-or-flight" loop. One of the most effective ways to break this fixation is to anchor your mind firmly in the physical, observable world. Learning how the universe mechanically operates can help de-escalate spiritual panic. See:
One of the absolute best ways to break this loop and heal on your own is to deliberately force your brain out of the spiritual realm and anchor it in the physical, logical world. Here is how you can use learning about how the world actually works to overcome RTS:
Study the Science of Your Brain (Neuroscience)
When you understand why your brain is doing this, the fear disappears. See r/IDTheory or r/IntelligentEvolution
- Learn about "Fight or Flight": Read about the amygdala (the brain's alarm system). When you had those three intense encounters, your amygdala took a "snapshot" of extreme fear. Now, it keeps replaying that fear to "protect" you, making you feel like you are actively at war.
- Understand pattern recognition: Human brains are evolutionarily wired to find meaning and intent in random events. When you learn how easily the brain creates illusions, cognitive biases, or auditory/visual misinterpretations under stress, those three past experiences lose their supernatural power over you.
Dive Into the Natural and Physical Sciences
Religious trauma thrives on mystery, invisible forces, and magical thinking. Replace that anxiety with concrete, observable facts.
- Study physics, chemistry, or astronomy: Watch documentaries or read books about how the universe actually operates through predictable, unfeeling laws of nature.
- Why it helps: The universe doesn't have a personal grudge against you. Gravity doesn't care who you are. The stars don't hate your existence. Immersing yourself in the vast, neutral laws of physics helps you realize that the world is just operating mechanically—there is no cosmic entity targeting you.
Learn the Human History of Religion (Anthropology)
Taking a step back to look at religion from an academic, historical lens can completely demystify your fears.
- Study how religions evolve: Read about how different mythologies, concepts of God, and ideas of "the enemy" were invented, altered, and passed down by humans over thousands of years to control societies or explain the unknown.
- Why it helps: When you view religious concepts as historical human inventions rather than absolute, objective cosmic truths, the terrifying weight of being an "enemy" evaporates. It becomes just an old story, not your reality.
Practice "Radical Reality Checking"
Whenever your brain starts screaming that a deity hates you, force it to answer logical, real-world questions:
- Can I see this threat right now?
- Is my physical body safe in this room right now?
- What is a factual, scientific explanation for why I am feeling anxious right now?
By replacing supernatural fear with worldly curiosity, you take the power back. You aren't an enemy to anyone. You are just a human being whose brain went through a scary experience, and you have every right to plant your feet firmly on the ground and enjoy the real world.
Immersing yourself in the vast laws of physics can help you realize that the natural world functions on neutral, predictable rules—not personal cosmic grudges against you.
A Step for Today
Pick just one video or topic at r/IslamicScience (or other above mentioned educational subReddits) that sparks your curiosity. Whenever your mind tries to pull you back into terrifying spiritual thoughts, gently tell yourself, "My brain is just misfiring right now," and turn on a scientific resource to ground yourself.
In 1940s Mandatory Palestine the conical cap in this colorized photo was worn by married Christian women of the Bethlehem region, who alongside Jews and Samaritans are the Closest Living Relatives to the ancient Israelite populations.
Modern Palestinian populations (both Muslim and Christian) typically inherit 75% to 88% of their core ancestry from Bronze and Iron Age Levantine populations (such as the Canaanites), the ancestral base from which the ancient Israelites emerged.
Genetic Composition of Populations in Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jordan
| Population Group | Estimated Ancient Levantine / Canaanite Ancestry | Primary Outside Admixture | Genetic Profile & Clustering |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samaritans (West Bank / Israel) | ~90% – 95% | Minimal (Extremely high isolation) | Highest genetic continuity with Iron Age Israelite profiles due to strict, millennia-long religious isolation. |
| West Bank & Gaza Christians | ~85% – 93% | Minimal (Minor Southern European) | High continuity with Bronze/Iron Age Levantine samples; virtually un-impacted by later historical migrations. |
| Druze (Galilee, Golan, Jordan) | ~80% – 90% | Minimal (Minor Armenian / Anatolian) | Represents an ancient Levantine genetic isolate. Highly endogamous since the 11th century. |
| West Bank & Jordanian Muslims | ~70% – 82% | Arabian Peninsula, Egyptian, East African | High Levantine base, with shifts reflecting the 7th-century Islamic conquests and regional trade routes. |
| Musta'arabi & Mizrahi Jews (Indigenous / Now Israeli) | ~65% – 80% | Mesopotamian, Persian | The original Arabic-speaking Jews who never left the Levant. They cluster directly with West Bank Christians and Druze. |
| Gaza Muslims | ~60% – 75% | High Egyptian, North and East African | Retains a clear Levantine core but shows significantly higher North African and Egyptian admixture due to geographic proximity. |
| Sephardic Jews (Old Yishuv / Now Israeli) | ~50% – 70% | Southern European (Iberian), North African | Holds a strong Levantine core but pulled toward the Mediterranean due to the post-1492 exile in Europe and North Africa. |
| Bedouins (Negev and Jordan) | ~40% – 60% | High Arabian Peninsula, Northeast African | Possesses a Levantine genetic layer but heavily shifted toward the Arabian Peninsula due to nomadic tribal origins. |
| Ashkenazi Jews (Now Israeli / Global) | ~30% – 50% | Southern European (Italian/Greek), Eastern European | Shares the same ancient Levantine core as local populations, but genetically pulled toward Southern Europe due to historical diaspora intermarriage. |
Key Regional Observations
- The Gaza-Egypt Gradient: Separating the data by sub-region highlights a distinct geographic gradient. Because Gaza directly borders the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Muslims exhibit a measurably higher degree of Egyptian and African admixture compared to populations in the West Bank and Jordan.
- The West Bank Core: Populations native to the mountainous interior of the West Bank (such as West Bank Christians, Samaritans, and local Muslims) show the highest overall baseline of ancient inland Levantine ancestry due to historical relative isolation from coastal trade routes.
The Process of Arabization
This genetic continuity matches historical data on linguistic change. Following the Arab conquests of the 7th century CE, the local Israelite and Jewish farming peasants (fellaheen) stayed on their land. Over centuries, these Israelite and Jewish farmers gradually converted, first to Christianity under Byzantine rule (4th–7th century CE), and later to Islam to avoid heavy religious taxes (jizya). Over generations, they slowly adopted the Arabic language and culture through a social process called Arabization, while their biological DNA remained Levantine, non-Arab.
References
Below is a compiled list of frequently cited, peer-reviewed genetic studies exploring the Southern Levant, modern Palestinian populations, and various Jewish diaspora groups, complete with direct links to the publications.
Studies on Y-Chromosomal Lineages and Shared Middle Eastern Roots
- Hammer et al. (2000) – "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences).
- Focus: This baseline paternal lineage study examined Y-chromosomal markers, demonstrating that European, North African, and Middle Eastern Jewish diaspora groups clustered tightly alongside non-Jewish Middle Eastern populations like Palestinians and Syrians, confirming a shared ancestral source pool in the ancient Levant.
- Nebel et al. (2000) – "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Moslem Arabs" (Human Genetics).
- Focus: This paper mapped the paternal markers of Palestinian Muslim Arabs and compared them directly to Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish communities. The research revealed that 70% of the tested Jewish individuals and 82% of the Palestinian individuals shared the exact same chromosome pool, proving direct shared regional ancestry.
- Nebel et al. (2001) – "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East" (The American Journal of Human Genetics).
- Focus: An expansion of their previous study using higher-resolution microsatellite haplotypes. The data reinforced that Palestinian Muslim Arabs and modern Jewish populations represent closely related historical branches of an indigenous Levantine lineage.
Genome-Wide and Autosomal DNA Landscape Studies
- Atzmon et al. (2010) – "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry" (The American Journal of Human Genetics).
- Focus: Utilizing genome-wide analysis across seven distinct Jewish populations, researchers confirmed a cohesive, shared genetic architecture tracing directly back to the Middle East. It noted strong genetic proximity between these diaspora groups and modern non-Jewish Levantine populations, including Palestinians and Druze.
- Behar et al. (2010) – "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" (Nature).
- Focus: This large-scale paper analyzed 14 Jewish diaspora communities against 69 global populations. It demonstrated that almost all Jewish groups trace their primary ancestry to a shared Levantine source pool, which overlies and clusters closest with modern Palestinians, Druze, and Lebanese populations.
- Agranat-Tamir et al. (2020) – "The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant" (Cell).
- Focus: A landmark paper that sequenced ancient genome-wide DNA from 73 individuals across five different archaeological sites in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan spanning the Bronze and Iron Ages. The model concluded that over 50% of the ancestry of all present-day Levantine populations (including Palestinians and various Jewish diaspora groups) traces directly back to these ancient inhabitants.
7,000 to 9,000 year old Tel Megiddo became a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel. The site features over 25 layers of ancient, superimposed ruins.
Tel Megiddo (from Hebrew: תל מגידו; Arabic: تل المتسلم, Tell el-Muteselim) is the site of the ancient city of Megiddo (/məˈɡɪdoʊ/; Hebrew: מגידו; Greek: Μεγιδδώ), the remains of which form a tell or archaeological mound, situated in northern Israel at the western edge of the Jezreel Valley. During the Bronze Age, Megiddo was an important Canaanite city-state, and in the Iron Age, it became a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel. The site is renowned for its historical, geographical, and theological significance, especially under its Greek name Armageddon (Ἁρμαγεδών), which appears once in the Koine Greek New Testament in Revelation 16:16.
The ~3,234 year old Egyptian "Merneptah Stele" identifies Israel as a distinct group of people living in the Canaan region Jews call the "Land of Israel".
1. The Individual: Jacob's Name Change to Israel
Timeline: ~4,000 years ago
- The origin of the region named "Israel" begins with the (most respected leader of a group) patriarch named Jacob. According to the foundational legend Jacob took the name Israel ("one who struggles with God") because he believed he had wrestled with a divine being. At this stage, the name was purely personal, identifying a specific individual and his perceived experience.
- This established a lineage-based, group identity, named after a man named Israel, from a place his descendents would then say is the "Land of Israel" (or "Israel" for short).
- Indigenous Evolution: Modern research indicates these people were largely indigenous to the Levant, developing a unique "Israelite" cultural and religious identity from within the local Canaanite populations.
- As Jacob's/Israel’s descendants (the twelve tribes) grew in number, the name shifted from a man to a well known collective group known as the Israelites.
2. The People: From a Family to the Israelite Civilization
Timeline: 3,234 years ago (1208 BCE)
- Archaeological Record: Non-biblical evidence for the Land of Israel being well known in Egypt is the Merneptah Stele, an Egyptian granite monument. It identifies "Israel" as a distinct group of people living in the Canaan region. It reads: "Israel is wasted, its seed is not".
- Regardless of whether or not a man named Jacob/Israel existed: the Merneptah Stele uses the word Israel as in 4000+ year old Jewish tradition, to define both a place and its culturally unique people.
- Jewish tradition still contains laws and holidays (some at least 3,300 years old) to celebrate Israel's agricultural cycles the Land of Israel depended on for food, survival. Passover (Pesach): Known as the Festival of Ripening (Chag HaAviv) marks the beginning of the spring barley harvest. Shavuot (Feast of Weeks): Known as the Festival of the Harvest (Chag Hakatzir) celebrates the end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. It was the time for bringing First Fruits (Bikkurim) to the Temple in Jerusalem. Sukkot (Festival of Booths): Known as the Festival of Ingathering (Chag HaAsif), it marks the final harvest of fruits and the end of the agricultural year in the fall. Tu B’Shevat: The "New Year for Trees," celebrated when trees begin to bloom after the winter rains in Israel. Today, it is a major day for ecological awareness and tree planting. Shemini Atzeret: Following Sukkot, this holiday includes specific prayers for rain to ensure a successful planting season for the coming year. Shmita: A mandated seven-year agricultural cycle where the land is left to rest and recover during the seventh year, often called the "Sabbath of the land". Tu B’Av: Historically a mid-summer matchmaking day that also functioned as a celebration of the grape harvest.
3. The Place: From the Land of Israel to a Powerful Kingdom
Timeline: ~3,000 years ago (1047–930 BCE)
- United Kingdom of Israel emerged as a significant power in the Southern Levant under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon.
- This era marked a peak of Hebrew unity, with King David having established Jerusalem as the capital and Solomon building the First Temple.
4. The Early Eras of Invasions and Identity Erasure
The land was frequently invaded by foreign powers seeking to control the strategic crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe.
- Following the appearance of Israel as a distinct place and people, the Philistines arrived on the southern Levantine coast, beginning a multi-century effort to expand inland. Operating from five major city-states, the Philistines exerted pressure on the Israelite tribes, reaching a height of territorial influence around 3,076 years ago (1050 BCE) after the Battle of Aphek. This expansion reached its zenith with the death of King Saul at the Battle of Mount Gilboa in 3,036 years ago (1010 BCE), which briefly left significant portions of the Israelite heartland under Philistine shadow. However, the occupation was effectively halted and pushed back to the coastal plains by King David around 3,026 years ago (1000 BCE), ending the period of Philistine expansionism and establishing a stable, albeit hostile, border that would remain largely unchanged until the Assyrian conquests centuries later.
- 2,766 years ago (740 BCE) Shortly after the Philistine occupation ended the Neo-Assyrian conquest began under Tiglath-Pileser III, who reduced the Northern Kingdom to a vassal state. This process culminated with the fall of Samaria and the mass deportation of its inhabitants, effectively dissolving the Northern Kingdom of Israel. While the Southern Kingdom of Judah survived a devastating siege by Sennacherib in 2,727 years ago (701 BCE), it remained a subservient tributary state for the remainder of the era.
- Around 2,638 years ago (612 BCE): Assyrian dominance in the region finally ended following the fall of their capital, Nineveh, to the Babylonians and Medes, which dismantled the empire and shifted control of the Levant to the Neo-Babylonians.
- 2,089 years ago (63 BCE): The Roman Invasion. The Romans destroyed the Second Temple. To attempt the erasure of Jewish identity, Roman Emperor Hadrian renamed the region "Syria Palaestina"—after the Philistines (extinct Greek-linked enemies of the Jews)—to suggest the Jews no longer belonged there.
- 1,388 years ago (638 CE): The Islamic Conquests. Islam was founded. Islamic Arab armies from the Arabian Peninsula invaded and captured Jerusalem, beginning a period of forced (cultural and linguistic shift not entirely ethnic) "Arabization."
- 927 years ago (1099 CE): Crusader Kingdom. European Christians captured the land sacred to them, where Christians were being mistreated, but lost Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187.
- 766 years ago (1260 CE): Mamluk Conquest. Based in Egypt, the Mamluk Sultanate defeated both the Mongols and the last Crusaders.
- 509 years ago (1517): The Ottoman Empire. The region was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who ruled for four centuries until World War 1.
5. The British "Mandate for Palestine" & The UN Partition
- 106 years ago (1920): The British Mandate. Following the Ottoman defeat, the British renamed the Land of Israel to "Palestine" and everyone living in the region were called "Palestinians". Britain was tasked by the League of Nations with creating a "Jewish National Home".
- 87–90 years ago (1936–1939): The Arab Revolt. Arabs and Arabized Palestinians fought the British to end the Mandate, stop Jewish immigration.
- 79 years ago (1947): The UN Solution. The UN proposed a "Two-State Solution" (Resolution 181) to create an "Arab state" and secular Jewish-friendly state.
- The Outcome: Jewish Palestinian leaders accepted the plan; Arab and Arabized Palestinian leaders rejected it, choosing war instead of a shared peace. Israelites/Jews in the "Land of Israel" were forced to defend themselves or be exterminated, by a culture and religion from the Arabian Peninsula.
6. 1948: Independence, Invasion, and the "Nakba"
- 78 years ago (May 14, 1948), The Jewish Palestinian community in the British Mandate declared the independence of the State of Israel, which was immediately followed by an invasion from neighboring Arab and Arabized states. The 1948 war resulted in the Nakba, the displacement of 700,000+ non-Jewish. This exodus was driven by a complex mix of factors: direct expulsions of civilian populations in areas of resistance, psychological warfare, and panic. Simultaneously, some residents left due to the collapse of local leadership or localized instructions from Arab officials to clear battle zones. While some Jewish leaders urged their neighbors to remain, the broader conflict transformed the land from a region that had undergone centuries of Arabization into a sovereign Jewish-friendly democratic state.
- 72 years ago (Sept. 6, 1954): The Jordan newspaper Ad-Difaa reported:"The Arab Governments told us: 'Get out so that we can get in.' So we got out, but they did not get in."
- 78 years ago (1948): Azzam Pasha, Sec-Gen of the Arab League, declared:"This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre."
- Memoirs of Khaled al-Azm (Syrian PM 1948-49):"We ourselves are the ones who encouraged them to leave... we brought destruction upon a million Arab refugees."
7. The Aftermath: Two Different Realities
- The "Stayers": Roughly 150,000 ignored the orders to leave and stayed in the secular land named Israel. Today, their descendants are among the 2 million+ Arab Israelis who now enjoy full voting rights, serve in the Knesset (Parliament), and sit on the Supreme Court.
- The "Leavers": Those who followed the orders of the invading Arab armies moved to Gaza, the West Bank, or surrounding countries. They lost the war and were largely kept in refugee status by their own leadership to be used as political leverage to "return" to land they vacated.
- Jordan and Egypt occupied/ruled West Bank and Gaza (1948–1967): Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan took control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip, except for a brief interruption in 1956.
- Jordan annexed the West Bank (1950): On April 24, 1950, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank. This action was not widely recognized internationally, with only the UK, Iraq, and Pakistan granting recognition.
- No Palestinian Sovereignty Granted (1948–1967): During the 19 years of Jordanian and Egyptian rule, there was no independent Palestinian state or sovereignty established in the West Bank or Gaza. Jordan granted citizenship to West Bank Palestinians, but Egypt did not for those in Gaza.
- Impact of 1967: As a preemptive measure against an imminent attack, Israel took control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt during the 1967 Six-Day War.
Jewish Palestinians (colorized)
Palestinian Jews or Jewish Palestinians (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים פָלַסְטִינִים; Arabic: اليهود الفلسطينيون) were the Jews who inhabited Palestine (alternatively the Land of Israel) prior to the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948.
Young Jewish Woman in Purim Costume, Jerusalem, 1938
Photo: The Oster Visual Documentation Center, ANU – Museum of the Jewish People, the Mevorach family collection
https://www.facebook.com/groups/histimages/posts/3651611918424591/
Young women in the early 20th-century Palestine did not have access to commercial costume stores. Instead, the most common "costumes" they wore for Purim celebrations were Queen Esther or traditional Middle Eastern and Ottoman attire, particularly the vibrant regional garments that allowed them to dress up in historical and royal splendor.
Queen Esther is the heroine of the biblical Book of Esther. An orphaned Jewish woman who became the Queen of Persia, she famously risked her life to reveal an evil plot and saved the Jewish people from genocide. Her story is the basis for the Jewish holiday of Purim.
What do you think of the first leader of Palestine: British Jewish High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel? (My latest history research project)
Historically, names like Philistia, Filastin, or Palestine designated regional zones, coastlines, or imperial provinces, but never an independent country, state or kingdom ruled by a sovereign leader, until the British Mandate of 1920.
Many people today assume that the first leader of Palestine must have been an ancient Arab Muslim. However, historical records show that the very first head of the state administration in the 20th century was actually a British Jewish statesman and an ardent Zionist: Herbert Samuel.
When the British Empire assumed control of the region from the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Prime Minister David Lloyd George appointed Samuel as the first High Commissioner for Palestine (1920–1925). His appointment carried profound historical weight, as he became the first practicing Jewish leader to govern the geographic region in over two millennia, stepping into a land that held deep indigenous meaning for his own ancestry.
The Deep Roots of the Land of Israel
- The Origin of the Name: Long before the region was renamed Syria Palaestina by the Roman Empire in 135 CE, the area was known natively as the "Land of Israel" (Eretz Yisrael).
- The Name's Lineage: The name "Israel" originally belonged to a historic individual, the biblical patriarch Jacob, from whom the ancient Israelites descended.
- An Indigenous Legacy: The Israelite and Jewish presence in this specific territory spans over 4,000 years. Historical, archaeological, and genetic data show that many Jewish individuals living there throughout the centuries and returning there carried ancestral lineage directly tied to these original inhabitants.
Unbroken Continuity: Byzantine and Ottoman Archaeology
A common misconception is that the Jewish presence vanished entirely after the Roman exiles. Extensive physical evidence proves that a distinct, continuous Jewish population remained rooted in the land through every major imperial conquest:
- The Byzantine Era (4th–7th Century CE): Despite harsh anti-Jewish laws imposed by Christian Byzantine rulers, archaeology reveals a thriving Jewish rural and urban life, particularly in the Galilee and Golan regions. Excavated sites like the Capernaum, Hammat Tiberias, and Zippori (Sepphoris) synagogues feature intricate mosaic floors, Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions, and menorah motifs. These physical remains demonstrate that Jewish spiritual, cultural, and economic life endured directly on the soil during centuries of foreign rule.
- The Ottoman Era (1517–1917 CE): Under Turkish rule, the "Four Holy Cities" of Judaism—Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberias—maintained active, deeply rooted Jewish communities. Safed became a global center for Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) in the 16th century. Archaeologists and historians have documented continuous residential quarters, historic synagogues (such as the Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue), and centuries-old Jewish cemeteries (like the ancient slopes of the Mount of Olives). These sites confirm that generations lived, died, and maintained an unbroken connection to the land long before the arrival of the British.
Samuel's Zionist Vision and Administration
Years before taking office, Samuel wrote an influential memorandum titled The Future of Palestine. He urged the British cabinet to support a protectorate that would allow for the restoration of a Jewish national home, paving the way for the 1917 Balfour Declaration. As High Commissioner, he had to balance a complex population composed of a long-standing Arab majority and a rapidly growing, returning Jewish population.
- Immigration & Economic Rules: To balance these groups, Samuel tied Jewish immigration directly to the territory's "economic absorptive capacity" to prevent sudden economic disruption.
- Shifting Legal Frameworks: According to analysis by the Britain Palestine Project, Samuel instituted new land registry laws. These laws allowed for the legal purchase and transfer of land, creating permanent agricultural and civic foundations for Jewish communities.
- Concessions to Both Sides: In an effort to keep the peace among the Arab populace, Samuel pardoned and appointed Haj Amin al-Husseini as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. This move erred toward political appeasement and angered many Zionists, who felt Samuel was compromising their safety.
Why This History Matters for Peace
True peace requires acknowledging that multiple peoples have deep, legitimate, and indigenous ties to the exact same soil. Understanding that the Jewish connection to the land did not begin in 1948, but rather extends back thousands of years through an unbroken chain of physical, archaeological history, is a vital step in understanding the dual narratives of the region.
Israel Daily News - May 13, 2026 | Secret War: Gulf Countries Strike On Iran Revealed
On today’s episode of ILTV Daily News: new reports claim Saudi Arabia secretly carried out airstrikes inside Iran during the recent regional war, signaling a dramatic shift in Gulf involvement against the Islamic Republic; President Trump warns the U.S. will “finish the job” if Tehran refuses to accept Washington’s terms on its nuclear program as he heads to high-stakes talks in China. And, the IDF says it eliminated 15 Hezbollah operatives in southern Lebanon while revealing dramatic new details from a covert raid deep behind enemy lines.
The ~4,000 Year History of the "Land of Israel"
(The following is the result of around 100 hours of research. Suggestions on how to improve are welcome.)
1. The Individual: Jacob's Name Change to Israel
Timeline: ~4,000 years ago (~1974 BCE)
- The origin of the region named "Israel" begins with the (most respected leader of a group) patriarch named Jacob. According to the foundational legend Jacob took the name Israel ("one who struggles with God") because he believed he had wrestled with a divine being. At this stage, the name was purely personal, identifying a specific individual and his perceived experience.
- This established a lineage-based, group identity, named after a man named Israel, from a place his descendents would then say is the "Land of Israel" (or "Israel" for short).
- Indigenous Evolution: Modern research indicates these people were largely indigenous to the Levant, developing a unique "Israelite" cultural and religious identity from within the local Canaanite populations.
- As Jacob's/Israel’s descendants (the twelve tribes) grew in number, the name shifted from a man to a well known collective group known as the Israelites.
2. The People: From a Family to the Israelite Civilization
Timeline: 3,234 years ago (1208 BCE)
- Archaeological Record: Non-biblical evidence for the land of Israel early on being well known in Egypt is the Merneptah Stele, an Egyptian granite monument. It identifies "Israel" as a distinct group of people living in a place in the Canaan region. It reads: "Israel is laid waste, its seed is no more".
- Regardless of whether or not a man named Jacob/Israel existed: the Merneptah Stele uses the word Israel as in 4000+ year old Jewish tradition, to define both a place and its culturally unique people.
- Jewish tradition still contains laws and holidays (some at least 3,300 years old) to celebrate Israel's agricultural cycles the Land of Israel depended on for food, survival. Passover (Pesach): Known as the Festival of Ripening (Chag HaAviv) marks the beginning of the spring barley harvest. Shavuot (Feast of Weeks): Known as the Festival of the Harvest (Chag Hakatzir) celebrates the end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. It was the time for bringing First Fruits (Bikkurim) to the Temple in Jerusalem. Sukkot (Festival of Booths): Known as the Festival of Ingathering (Chag HaAsif), it marks the final harvest of fruits and the end of the agricultural year in the fall. Tu B’Shevat: The "New Year for Trees," celebrated when trees begin to bloom after the winter rains in Israel. Today, it is a major day for ecological awareness and tree planting. Shemini Atzeret: Following Sukkot, this holiday includes specific prayers for rain to ensure a successful planting season for the coming year. Shmita: A mandated seven-year agricultural cycle where the land is left to rest and recover during the seventh year, often called the "Sabbath of the land". Tu B’Av: Historically a mid-summer matchmaking day that also functioned as a celebration of the grape harvest.
3. The Place: From the Land of Israel to a Powerful Kingdom
Timeline: 3,072 to 2,955 years ago (1047–930 BCE)
- United Kingdom of Israel emerged as a significant power in the Southern Levant under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon.
- This era marked a peak of Hebrew unity, with King David having established Jerusalem as the capital and Solomon building the First Temple.
4. The Early Eras of Invasions and Identity Erasure
The land was frequently invaded by foreign powers seeking to control the strategic crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe.
- Following the appearance of Israel as a distinct people, the Philistines arrived on the southern Levantine coast, beginning a multi-century effort to expand inland. Operating from five major city-states, the Philistines exerted pressure on the Israelite tribes, reaching a height of territorial influence around 3,076 years ago (1050 BCE) after the Battle of Aphek. This expansion reached its zenith with the death of King Saul at the Battle of Mount Gilboa in 3,036 years ago (1010 BCE), which briefly left significant portions of the Israelite heartland under Philistine shadow. However, the occupation was effectively halted and pushed back to the coastal plains by King David around 3,026 years ago (1000 BCE), ending the period of Philistine expansionism and establishing a stable, albeit hostile, border that would remain largely unchanged until the Assyrian conquests centuries later.
- 2,766 years ago (740 BCE) Shortly after the Philistine occupation ended the Neo-Assyrian conquest began under Tiglath-Pileser III, who reduced the Northern Kingdom to a vassal state. This process culminated with the fall of Samaria and the mass deportation of its inhabitants, effectively dissolving the Northern Kingdom of Israel. While the Southern Kingdom of Judah survived a devastating siege by Sennacherib in 2,727 years ago (701 BCE), it remained a subservient tributary state for the remainder of the era.
- Assyrian dominance in the region finally ended around 2,638 years ago (612 BCE) following the fall of their capital, Nineveh, to the Babylonians and Medes, which dismantled the empire and shifted control of the Levant to the Neo-Babylonians.
- 2,089 years ago (63 BCE): The Roman Invasion. The Romans destroyed the Second Temple. To attempt the erasure of Jewish identity, Roman Emperor Hadrian renamed the region "Syria Palaestina"—after the Philistines (extinct Greek-linked enemies of the Jews)—to suggest the Jews no longer belonged there.
- 1,388 years ago (638 CE): The Islamic Conquest. Islam was founded in the 7th century. Arab armies from the Arabian Peninsula invaded and captured Jerusalem, beginning a period of "Arabization."
- 509 years ago (1517): The Ottoman Empire. The region was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who ruled for four centuries until World War 1.
5. The British Mandate & The UN Partition
- 106 years ago (1920): The British Mandate. Following the Ottoman defeat, Britain was tasked by the League of Nations with creating a "Jewish National Home".
- 87–90 years ago (1936–1939): The Arab Revolt. Arabs and (a cultural and linguistic shift not ethnic) Arabized Palestinians fought the British to end the Mandate, stop Jewish immigration.
- 79 years ago (1947): The UN Solution. The UN proposed a "Two-State Solution" (Resolution 181) to create an "Arab state" and secular Jewish-friendly state.
- The Outcome: Jewish Palestinian leaders accepted the plan; Arab and Arabized Palestinian leaders rejected it, choosing war instead of a shared peace. Israelites/Jews in the "Land of Israel" were forced to defend themselves or be exterminated, by a culture and religion from the Arabian Peninsula.
6. 1948: Independence, Invasion, and the "Nakba"
- 78 years ago (May 14, 1948), The Jewish Palestinian community in the British Mandate declared the independence of the State of Israel, which was immediately followed by an invasion from neighboring Arab and Arabized states. The 1948 war resulted in the Nakba, the displacement of 700,000+ non-Jewish. This exodus was driven by a complex mix of factors: direct expulsions of civilian populations in areas of resistance, psychological warfare, and panic. Simultaneously, some residents left due to the collapse of local leadership or localized instructions from Arab officials to clear battle zones. While some Jewish leaders urged their neighbors to remain, the broader conflict transformed the land from a region that had undergone centuries of Arabization into a sovereign Jewish-friendly democratic state.
- 72 years ago (Sept. 6, 1954): The Jordan newspaper Ad-Difaa reported:"The Arab Governments told us: 'Get out so that we can get in.' So we got out, but they did not get in."
- 78 years ago (1948): Azzam Pasha, Sec-Gen of the Arab League, declared:"This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre."
- Memoirs of Khaled al-Azm (Syrian PM 1948-49):"We ourselves are the ones who encouraged them to leave... we brought destruction upon a million Arab refugees."
7. The Aftermath: Two Different Realities
- The "Stayers": Roughly 150,000 ignored the orders to leave and stayed in the secular land named Israel. Today, their descendants are among the 2 million+ Arab Israelis who now enjoy full voting rights, serve in the Knesset (Parliament), and sit on the Supreme Court.
- The "Leavers": Those who followed the orders of the invading Arab armies moved to Gaza, the West Bank, or surrounding countries. They lost the war and were largely kept in refugee status by their own leadership to be used as political leverage to "return" to land they had willingly vacated.
How do I best explain the earliest known non-biblical mention of "Israel" (Merneptah Stele) being said to (by saying "Israel is laid waste" or "Israel is wasted") reference a people, not place as is central to Jewish tradition?
My history curriculum intended for Gaza schools was challenged in a constructive way that led to awesome improvements. I was able to list evidence like agricultural cycle based traditions and the Philistine occupation.
I'm now not sure how to (by updating curriculum text with missing information) answer those who will say "The Stele mentions Israel as a people, not as a place" as was mentioned by the challenger here:
https://www.reddit.com/r/BoardOfPeace/comments/1t5u5s3/comment/okkt7g6/
In Jewish tradition Israel is no doubt a place, and I have to wonder whether the truth is that in the Merneptah Stele "Israel" is still a place with people, not the name of people who lived in a place with no name (therefore an Israel did not exist). Makes more sense that the search engine is picking up on a misconception or something.
This is where I'm currently at with text, mention of the Stele is in first sentence.
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1. Ancient Roots: The Indigenous Foundation
- The earliest widely accepted, non-biblical archeological evidence for the name "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele, an over 3,230 year old Egyptian inscription dating to approximately 1208 B.C.E.. This ancient granite monument, created by Pharaoh Merneptah, lists "Israel" among his military victories in Canaan by saying "Israel is laid waste" or "Israel is wasted", indicating it was recognized as a distinct people group during that period, but does not answer how long it had been in existence before then.
- For up to 4,000 years or more the land of Israel has been integral to Jewish tradition. It is considered the birthplace of the Jewish people, where their cultural and religious identity first formed. Even during periods of diaspora, this connection was maintained through continuous presence in the land, daily prayers for return, and the observance of laws and festivals tied specifically to its agricultural cycles. Passover (Pesach): Known as the Festival of Ripening (Chag HaAviv) marks the beginning of the spring barley harvest. Shavuot (Feast of Weeks): Known as the Festival of the Harvest (Chag Hakatzir) celebrates the end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. It was the time for bringing First Fruits (Bikkurim) to the Temple in Jerusalem. Sukkot (Festival of Booths): Known as the Festival of Ingathering (Chag HaAsif), it marks the final harvest of fruits and the end of the agricultural year in the fall. Tu B’Shevat: The "New Year for Trees," celebrated when trees begin to bloom after the winter rains in Israel. Today, it is a major day for ecological awareness and tree planting. Shemini Atzeret: Following Sukkot, this holiday includes specific prayers for rain to ensure a successful planting season for the coming year. Shmita: A mandated seven-year agricultural cycle where the land is left to rest and recover during the seventh year, often called the "Sabbath of the land". Tu B’Av: Historically a mid-summer matchmaking day that also functioned as a celebration of the grape harvest.
- 3,000 years ago the United Kingdom of Israel emerged as a significant power in the Southern Levant under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon. This era marked a peak of Hebrew unity, with King David having established Jerusalem as the capital and Solomon building the First Temple.
2. The Era of Invasions and Identity Erasure
The land was frequently invaded by foreign powers seeking to control the strategic crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe.
- 3,201 years ago (1175 BCE) following the initial appearance of Israel as a distinct people the Philistines arrived on the southern Levantine coast, beginning a multi-century effort to expand their territory inland. Operating from five major city-states, the Philistines exerted pressure on the Israelite tribes, reaching a height of territorial influence around 3,076 years ago (1050 BCE) after the Battle of Aphek. This expansion reached its zenith with the death of King Saul at the Battle of Mount Gilboa in 3,036 years ago (1010 BCE), which briefly left significant portions of the Israelite heartland under Philistine shadow. However, the occupation was effectively halted and pushed back to the coastal plains by King David around 3,026 years ago (1000 BCE), ending the period of Philistine expansionism and establishing a stable, albeit hostile, border that would remain largely unchanged until the Assyrian conquests centuries later.
- 2,766 years ago (740 BCE) The Neo-Assyrian conquest began under Tiglath-Pileser III, who reduced the Northern Kingdom to a vassal state. This process culminated with the fall of Samaria and the mass deportation of its inhabitants, effectively dissolving the Northern Kingdom of Israel. While the Southern Kingdom of Judah survived a devastating siege by Sennacherib in 701 BCE (2,727 years ago), it remained a subservient tributary state for the remainder of the era. Assyrian dominance in the region finally ended around 2,638 years ago (612 BCE) following the fall of their capital, Nineveh, to the Babylonians and Medes, which dismantled the empire and shifted control of the Levant to the Neo-Babylonians.
- 2,089 years ago (63 BCE): The Roman Invasion. The Romans destroyed the Second Temple. To attempt the erasure of Jewish identity, Roman Emperor Hadrian renamed the region "Syria Palaestina"—after the Philistines (extinct Greek-linked enemies of the Jews)—to suggest the Jews no longer belonged there.
- 1,388 years ago (638 CE): The Islamic Conquest. Islam was founded in the 7th century. Arab armies from the Arabian Peninsula invaded and captured Jerusalem, beginning a period of "Arabization."
- 509 years ago (1517): The Ottoman Empire. The region was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who ruled for four centuries until World War 1.
3. The British Mandate & The UN Partition
- 106 years ago (1920): The British Mandate. Following the Ottoman defeat, Britain was tasked by the League of Nations with creating a "Jewish National Home."
- 87–90 years ago (1936–1939): The Arab Revolt. Muslim Arabs fought the British to end the Mandate and stop Jewish immigration, attempting to prevent the re-establishment of a Jewish state.
- 79 years ago (1947): The UN Solution. The UN proposed a "Two-State Solution" (Resolution 181) to create an Arab state and a Jewish state.
- The Outcome: Jewish leaders accepted the plan; Arab leaders rejected it, choosing war instead of a shared peace.
4. 1948: Independence, Invasion, and the "Nakba"
78 years ago (May 14, 1948), Israel declared independence as a secular democracy. The next day, five Arab nations invaded. This war led to the Nakba (Catastrophe), but historical evidence shows the displacement was largely driven by Arab leadership orders.
While many Jews begged their Arab neighbors to stay, Arab leaders told the population to move out to clear the path for their armies to "finish the job" of destroying the Jewish population.
- 72 years ago (Sept. 6, 1954): The Jordan newspaper Ad-Difaa reported:"The Arab Governments told us: 'Get out so that we can get in.' So we got out, but they did not get in."
- 78 years ago (1948): Azzam Pasha, Sec-Gen of the Arab League, declared:"This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre."
- Memoirs of Khaled al-Azm (Syrian PM 1948-49):"We ourselves are the ones who encouraged them to leave... we brought destruction upon a million Arab refugees."
5. The Aftermath: Two Different Realities
- The "Stayers": Roughly 150,000 Arabs ignored the orders to leave and stayed in the secular land named Israel. Today, their descendants are among the 2 million+ Arab Israelis who enjoy full voting rights, serve in the Knesset (Parliament), and sit on the Supreme Court.
- The "Leavers": Those who followed the orders of the invading Arab armies moved to Gaza, the West Bank, or surrounding countries. They lost the war and were largely kept in refugee status by their own leadership to be used as political leverage to "return" to land they had willingly vacated.