![Image 1 — "Aleppo was more familiar in England than Constantinople itself for 3 centuries ... Aleppo was indeed the East" English Traveler and Intelligence Officer W.J. Childs And Describes The Mighty Citadel of Aleppo [excerpts from his book "Across Asia Minor On Foot" published in 1917]](https://preview.redd.it/a0ryh7g7u22h1.png?width=877&format=png&auto=webp&s=11263a54fe643708a228299a33310f393e01e2de)
![Image 2 — "Aleppo was more familiar in England than Constantinople itself for 3 centuries ... Aleppo was indeed the East" English Traveler and Intelligence Officer W.J. Childs And Describes The Mighty Citadel of Aleppo [excerpts from his book "Across Asia Minor On Foot" published in 1917]](https://preview.redd.it/u0kyw7g7u22h1.jpg?width=1242&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ffc06ad4752ddb13359f3c4b949c8785f79ef735)
"Aleppo was more familiar in England than Constantinople itself for 3 centuries ... Aleppo was indeed the East" English Traveler and Intelligence Officer W.J. Childs And Describes The Mighty Citadel of Aleppo [excerpts from his book "Across Asia Minor On Foot" published in 1917]
... but the citadel is history made visible. It displays the warlike story of Aleppo, chiefly a story of wars between Mohammedans, though by fantastic tradition the structure is said to have been built in the time of Abraham. It has known, however, Bagdad Khalifs—including Haroun el Rashid —Syrian Seljuks, Arab Emirs, Mongols, Egyptians, and the inevitable and most potent Timur. Christians, too, have been before it in war as Crusaders and Byzantines. It tells also, with a little study, another and subsidiary story of life and government in the city, of trouble between rulers and ruled during long turbulent centuries. In a city where each rich man's house was a stone-walled iron-barred fortress; where the shop-keeping class, for the safety of person and goods, herded together in strong bazaars; where for the same reasons merchants and travellers lodged themselves in massive khans—in such a city the rulers required a stronghold befitting their greater possessions and greater risks. For them at need, therefore, was the citadel. Without the citadel, indeed, one suspects there could have been no permanent rule in Aleppo during the days of the small States into which the country was so long divided. The more you consider this fortress, the more you perceive that its real aim was against the citizens; the citizens, not of a town but of a great city, and that the size and strength of the citadel were roughly proportioned to this domestic factor. Before the citadel could repel foreign invasion the invaders would be in the city itself. One cannot think that citizens of the medieval city ever had any illusions on this score; the citadel never saved them from massacre by Hulugu the Egyptian, or the more fell Timur. The citadel was, in fact, a Bastille, and in structure great as any ever built.
It is said to resemble Edinburgh Castle seen from the west, but is on a greater scale. Some assert that it is really built upon a hill so completely enclosed by masonry that all signs of the rock have disappeared. The only ground for this idea is that under the castle are rock-hewn galleries; but the outer walls at least owe nothing to natural elevation in making up a stark height of a hundred and twenty feet. Enclosing them is a fosse with a sloping revetment of squared stones from the bed of the fosse to the base of the towering walls. The whole edifice is so huge in height and bulk that its true size is not appreciated until you make the outer circuit by following the Plaza which extends around it outside the fosse; then, indeed, it is discovered that half an hour has been occupied in steady walking.
The finest portion of all is the great entrance. On the outer side of the fosse is a square barbican tower large enough in itself, but here merely preliminary to greater things. A wide flight of steps goes up to this tower, passes through it, is carried on a massive arched bridge across the fosse, and rises fifty or sixty feet to a mighty square tower in which is set a majestic portal flanked by machicolated loopholes. Vast height and bulk are here, and seen in the heat and strong contrasts of light and shadow of Syrian sun, as you stand gazing up at the towering steps and cavernous archway, you wonder just how much of it all has been derived from western invaders—how much really belongs after all to the universal Normans. Much, no doubt; the Crusaders and the little kingdoms and States they founded left their mark in this part of the East; but the Saracens who built here in imitation did better than those from whom they learnt the art of castle-building.
Besides its Eastern attractions, Aleppo has special claims upon the interest of an English visitor, for it has had much intercourse with England from the days of the Tudor sovereigns. From it have come many of our popular ideas of the East, brought by the merchants and merchant seamen of the Levant trade when Aleppo was the eastern metropolis of that early and romantic commerce. For nearly three hundred years it was a city whose name was more familiar in England than Constantinople itself; for us in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Aleppo was indeed the East. An open eye for evidence of how much the city figured in English life during three centuries collects many allusions to the great centre of the Levant trade.
Shakespeare, for instance, makes one of the witches in Macbeth say — "Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o' the Tiger." And into Othello's mouth he puts a reference which bears significant marks of truth and sounds like the echo of an old tale of the Levant heard in a London tavern of the day — " That in Aleppo once, "Where a malignant and a turban'd Turk Beat a Venetian and traduced the state." A beating is still the Turkish process in such quarrels where the opponent is a person of beatable size and not under the protection of a Great Power. It is still the favourite public expression of displeasure in circumstances which do not call for the taking of life. Many times you may hear some Turkish anecdote closed with the statement "gave him a beating".