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"This Element examines – for the first time in a single volume – the written evidence from the 'Far East' of the Hellenistic world (Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara). It examines how successive invaders of this region, from Persia, Greece and India, left their linguistic and textual mark. It reviews the surviving Hellenistic-period written material from archaeological sites in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan in Aramaic, Greek and Prakrit.:

Abstract: This article presents additional readings of several inscriptions written in the Issyk-Kushan script, building on the improved system of sound values recently proposed by Sims-Williams (2025b). We propose that some further lines of Dašt-i Nāwur inscription DN III and parts of several other inscriptions can now be read as Bactrian, add new first-hand data from the Almosi inscription site and suggest decipherments for a few previously undeciphered characters of the script.

"This dissertation serves as the first full comprehensive grammar of the Phrygian language, which was spoken in central Anatolia from the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE to the middle of the 1st millennium CE and is attested in a total of about 500 inscriptions. The language as attested is divided into two stages; Old Phrygian, which was written in a native alphabet, spans from the earliest Phrygian inscriptions to about 300 BCE, whereas New Phrygian, which was written in the Greek alphabet, encompasses about 120 inscriptions from the beginning of the first millennium CE. Previous scholarship has for the most part focused on interpreting Phrygian inscriptions, the lexicon of the language, or tackled individual issues of grammar; this work aims to produce a full synchronic and diachronic grammar of the language, focusing prominently on the dialectal position of Phrygian within the Indo-European group of languages."