We know now the Yamnaya culture was not the originator of the language but inherited and eventually spread the language and with far reaching distance due to their use of wheeled technology. Yamnaya culture contained a large admixture from the Caucasian HG DNA combined with Eastern HG DNA which makes sense given the origins of the IE languages started from Southern Caucuses and they would have inherited the language through their Southern Caucasian ancestors.

Early on in the development of the language it spread west in Anatolia and would eventually form the earliest attested IE language, Hittite. And we know from genetic research Hittites did not have Yamnaya DNA. Another migration reached the Pontic-Caspian and Forest Steppe around 7000 years ago, and from there subsequent migrations spread into parts of Europe around 5000 years ago.

Caucasian Hunter Gatherer DNA is also directly related to Iranian Zagrosian Hunterer Gatherer DNA so indirectly Europeans through Yamnaya do have ancestry related to Iran through CHG DNA.

Through the Yamnaya migrations eastward the development of a new culture called the Sintashta culture (Proto-Proto-Iranic ancestors) would come to fruition and eventually through migrations south into Central Asia come FULL CIRCLE back into Iran as a more modern variety of the ancient language that was originally spoken in its northern lands.

ill post sources tomorrow or whenever

PIE Admixture in Europe. All models were done using qpAdm.
Twitter: CsfHighlan97034

Horse genetics, archaeology, and the beginning of riding

Abstract:

"Recent papers argued that the domestication of horses can be equated with the appearance of favorable genetic mutations that are first evident in individuals in the DOM2 clade dated about ∼2200–2100 BCE. We challenge the idea that this genetic shift alone defines domestication. Evidence from archaeology, ancient DNA, osteology, and other disciplines shows that horses from multiple genetic backgrounds (DOM1, DOM2, and, as we suggest here, DOM3) were managed, milked, and ridden long before 2200 BCE. Yamnaya groups (∼3200–2600 BCE) rode DOM2 horses—the direct ancestors of modern domestic stock—while incorporating them into diets, rituals, and mobility systems. Selection for traits linked to endurance and temperament began centuries earlier. Rather than a sudden breakthrough, domestication was a protracted, regionally varied process whose transformative effects on human mobility and social organization began as early as the fourth, if not the fifth millennium BCE, and set the stage for later DOM2 dominance."

Press coverage here: The first domesticated horses: 6,000 years of a complex story

Yesterday I was reading a chapter in a book on racial science and the nature-nuture debate, and one chapter in particular introduced me to what is known as the cadherin 13 and monoamine oxidase 1 genes(warrior genes supposedly): mind you I have a lot of science & history literature in my personal library at home, and today I started thinking about the ancient Sintashta population of the Ural Steppe-Forest zone, and began wondering if the Sintashta proclivity for warfare was possibly due to their being some sort of chemical imbalance from unstable levels of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine among some of the male inhabitants of their population. My understanding is these neurotransmitters/brain chemicals are responsible for helping manage or control stress levels, and serotonin obviously is beneficial for sleep, but neurodevelopmental disorders such as antisocial behavior, violent impulse/aggressive behavior and ADHD/Autism stem from neurological dysfunction and disruption of normal brain activity... according to the author family cohesiveness, educational attainment and financial stability are effected by trauma, and due to the harsh environment of the Steppes, both its climate and the dangers that would have been encountered, human and animal it's possible this elevated stress levels in ancient Steppe populations, altering genes that inhibited proper neurotransmitter function, resulting in a more aggressive population in the Steppes, other than that it's possible that cultural forces played a role too, seeing how ancient Indo-European societies had a patriarchal-warrior-pastoral system under which they lived.

I'm just curious to know what some other people's thoughts are on this... can the presence of such genes even be detected from DNA samples taken from ancient human remains?

Is it possible that such genes sparked the creativity for some of the vehicular and militaristic innovations that the Sintashta came up with to give them an edge in warfare, in addition to the construction of the fortified industrial settlement at Sintashta?

Mind you the author states that increased crime in America in predominantly black communities between 2015-2016, and she cites a Finnish article from 2014, that an estimated 5-10% of Finnish convicts in Finland were purportedly the most violent in prison, is due to a higher frequency of the CDH13 and MAOA genes among that segment of the prison population, however she is explicit, that biology alone cannot account for why some individuals or populations are disproportionately more violent than others, because environmental stimuli are also a trigger for why some Individuals or particular ethnic-groups tend to be more violent.