







The Sun Temple at Modhera in present-day Gujarat was built in the early 11th century CE, generally attributed to the reign of Bhima I of the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty. The complex is dedicated to Surya, the solar deity, and is one of the most studied examples of Maru-Gurjara temple architecture in western India.
The site is arranged along an east–west axis and consists of three main parts: the Surya Kund (stepped tank), the Sabha Mandapa (assembly hall), and the Gudha Mandapa (sanctum hall). The temple is known for its detailed sandstone carvings, geometric ceiling designs, and sculptural programs depicting deities, musicians, dancers, scenes from epics, and aspects of daily life.
Unlike many later temples, the Modhera complex no longer contains an active main idol in the sanctum. Archaeological and inscriptional evidence places the monument within the broader temple-building activity of western India during the 11th–12th centuries.
The stepped tank in front of the temple contains numerous miniature shrines and demonstrates advanced planning in water architecture as well as ritual design. The surviving carvings also provide important evidence for clothing, ornamentation, iconography, and artistic conventions of the period.
source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5).
The Lakshmana Temple was built by the Chandela ruler Yashovarman in the 10th century and is dedicated to Vaikuntha Vishnu. It is one of the earliest and most complete temples in the Khajuraho group and follows the north Indian nagara architectural style, with a raised platform and a central tower surrounded by smaller spires.
The outer walls are covered with carefully arranged carvings, including deities, attendants, and everyday scenes. The figures follow a clear pattern and are part of an organised design rather than random decoration. While the temple is often known for its erotic sculptures, these form only a small part of the overall imagery.
Built using fine sandstone, the temple reflects a mature stage of temple architecture in central India, where structure and sculpture are closely integrated.