By c and ɟ on the chart I mean the affricates tʃ and dʒ. Also for the vowel chart, heres the key:
Green: present in the language as a phoneme or allophone.
Blue: present as a phoneme when speakers of a minority language speak this language.
Red: Appears in loan words in the speech of higher class people.
middle is the underlying morphemes, and bottom is what it looks like after assimilatory processes are applied.
Pronounced /at:a?op:atan/.
Phonology:
| - | Tap | Breathy tap | Nose | Wind | Water |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lips | p [p~b] | ph | m | f [f~v] | v |
| Teeth | t [t~d] | th | n | s [s~ɕ] | l r |
| Tongue | c [ts~dz~tɕ~dʑ] | ch | - | ś [sː~ɕː] | y [j] |
| Throat | k [k~g] | kh | ñ [ŋ] | ẖ [h~v~j] | h [h~v~j] |
This is how the Yantamese people analyse their phonology.
It has simple five vowel system (a,e,i,o,u) with phonemic length and the diphthongs eo [eo̯] oe [oe̯] ui [ɵi̯]. Additionally ehi and eẖi may be realised as [ei̯].
Grammar:
Nouns:
Nouns can be made plural using the suffix -la and case is shown by postpositions.
| Case | Particle |
|---|---|
| accusative (complete) | te |
| accusative (incomplete) | mu |
| genitive | ni |
| dative | lō |
| allative | yo |
| ablative | yen |
| locative | pen |
| instrumental | ittar/'ttar |
The accusative suffix depends on the type of action.
(Ya) kulate apāyen. "I ate bread"
(Ya) kulamu apeyen. "I am eating bread"
Adjectives:
Amarese does not have adjectives apart from nouns but has some particles to control their intensity.
muta tōku "the pot is black"
muta tōku nē "the pot is very black"
muta tōku pi "the pot is slightly black"
muta kora yen tōku nan "the pot is blacker than the tree"
muta kora yen tōku piri "the pot is less black than the tree"
muta tōku nanta "the pot is the blackest"
muta tōku pirita "the pot is the least black"
Verbs:
Verbs distinguish two aspects and 3 tenses.
Dynamic verbs belong into classes based on their perfect and imperfect stems.
e-class => ape "eat" , apā "ate"
o-class => yattho "walk", yattheo "walked"
i-class => tani "speak", tanen "spoke"
Past tense is shown by adding -to (can be omitted if verb is in perfect) and future tense is shown by adding -ma. The conditional adds -(i)kko
The person conjugations are shown below:
| - | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -yen | -men |
| 2 | -tā | -(i)nnā |
| 3 | -∅ | -mi |
Phonology:
| - | Tap | Breathy tap | Nose | Wind | Water |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lips | p [p~b] | ph | m | f [f~v] | v |
| Teeth | t [t~d] | th | n | s [s~ɕ] | l r |
| Tongue | c [ts~dz~tɕ~dʑ] | ch | - | ś [sː~ɕː] | y [j] |
| Throat | k [k~g] | kh | ñ [ŋ] | ẖ [h~v~j] | h [h~v~j] |
This is how the Yantamese people analyse their phonology.
It has simple five vowel system (a,e,i,o,u) with phonemic length and the diphthongs eo [eo̯] oe [oe̯] ui [ɵi̯]. Additionally ehi and eẖi may be realised as [ei̯].
Grammar:
Nouns:
Nouns can be made plural using the suffix -la and case is shown by postpositions.
| Case | Particle |
|---|---|
| accusative (complete) | te |
| accusative (incomplete) | mu |
| genitive | ni |
| dative | lō |
| allative | yo |
| ablative | yen |
| locative | pen |
| instrumental | ittar/'ttar |
The accusative suffix depends on the type of action.
(Ya) kulate apāyen. "I ate bread"
(Ya) kulamu apeyen. "I am eating bread"
Adjectives:
Amarese does not have adjectives apart from nouns but has some particles to control their intensity.
muta tōku "the pot is black"
muta tōku nē "the pot is very black"
muta tōku pi "the pot is slightly black"
muta kora yen tōku nan "the pot is blacker than the tree"
muta kora yen tōku piri "the pot is less black than the tree"
muta tōku nanta "the pot is the blackest"
muta tōku pirita "the pot is the least black"
Verbs:
Verbs distinguish two aspects and 3 tenses.
Dynamic verbs belong into classes based on their perfect and imperfect stems.
e-class => ape "eat" , apā "ate"
o-class => yattho "walk", yattheo "walked"
i-class => tani "speak", tanen "spoke"
Past tense is shown by adding -to (can be omitted if verb is in perfect) and future tense is shown by adding -ma. The conditional adds -(i)kko
The person conjugations are shown below:
| - | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -yen | -men |
| 2 | -tā | -(i)nnā |
| 3 | -∅ | -mi |