Aside from just making use of electromagnetic induction, and transferring energy to nearby components.
If yes, is the EM radiation "detached" from the transformer and can be detected very far away?
What about other devices utilizing electromagnetic induction, like metal detectors, wireless chargers, induction heaters, etc. ?
The photoelectric effect explains a situation where a photon with a high enough frequency (energy) hits the surface of a material with a given "work function", ejecting an electron from that material. The kinetic energy gained by the ejected electron is ( photon energy - work function ).
If a source produces photons of increasingly higher energies, eventually the photons will enter the gamma ray territory. Gamma rays are notorious for being able to just pass through matter unimpeded, requiring a thick wall of high-Z material to stop it. The photoelectric effect seems to no longer apply in this case.
We know that (for a given material), there is a lowest frequency below which the photoelectric effect will not arise. But is there a highest frequency above which the photoelectric effect will also cease? If so, what can explain this phenomenon?
In your own words, what is a metric?
What's stopping all the plasma from being fully confined by the Sun's gravity? Like having all the ejected plasma eventually fall back into the Sun instead of reaching further and further out of the solar system
Will quantizing vibrations in amorphous solids like glass (is there even a lattice?) produce quasiparticles with identical properties as phonons in a crystal?
I'm not a researcher in the field and am not exposed to modern quantum experiments. To me this process of "preparing" a system into a particular quantum state for further experiment has always been vague. What goes into this process? Examples from specific systems/devices and specific methods used would be appreciated.
From what I know about the idea of "measurement", some requirements for it to occur are: there needs to be an interaction, and there needs to be a connection to the macroscopic world*. On the second point, how small can an object be while still acting as a "measuring device", instead of blending into the rest of the quantum system as just another quantum subsystem evolving according to the Schrödinger equation? Is it not about size, but let's say, isolation?
Feel free to address any misconceptions.
*what counts as "macroscopic" I think also warrants a discussion.
I was looking at two extremely technologically advanced devices at the opposite ends of the temperature scale ("chandelier"-shaped quantum computer and tokamak nuclear fusion reactor) and noticed that both devices require a mindboggling temperature difference across a (roughly) human-sized distance.
I was then curious, is there a fundamental limit on the "sharpness" of temperature difference across matter? How high can the temperature difference be while being separated by as small a distance as possible? Is there a limit that doesn't depend on the specifics of the microscopic properties of the "barrier", just as Carnot was able to devise an upper bound to heat engine efficiency?
Can the fact that the "environment" one embryo develops in is genetically different affect what it could become? What about the surrogate's genes (unlikely I think, but I don't know)?
Assumptions:
- The habits and lifestyles of the two mothers are exactly the same
- The initial two embryos are as identical as possible (same number of cells, etc.)
My last biology education is the "general biology" course for university science students.
A famous law in physics is the 2nd law of thermodynamics: entropy of the universe can't be decreasing. But what about how fast entropy is rising? Are there processes out there that can only occur if entropy is rising fast enough? Is there even a limitation on how fast entropy can rise? Can the time rate of change of entropy be linked to other thermodynamic quantities?
Pretty sure there's already a body of literature about this, but I'm not as well-versed in the most recent developments in thermodynamics.
I remember reading a passage on cosmology noting that despite the early universe being very hot and dense, its entropy was actually very low (due to flatness? Lack of energy density fluctuations?). What would happen if this were not the case?
Can a high starting entropy still be consistent with the Big Bang? Or in other words, is the value of starting entropy independent on whether or not a universe starts with a Big Bang?
The scenario:
There is a very long horizontal pipe, filled with liquid. A sound emitter is placed at one point inside the pipe, propagating the sound from right to left. At the same time, the liquid is continuously pumped from left to right.
If the flow velocity of the pumped liquid is the same as the speed of sound in that liquid, would the pressure compressions and rarefactions appear frozen in place?
From what little I know, a "mixed state" is a statistical mixture of pure states, which I intuitively think is easier to find on earth due to so much of everything interacting with everything else. How difficult it is then to make a pure state (of any kind)?
And is there a degree of "pureness" that can be experimentally verified?
If so, what are the assumptions needed for this model to work?
Electromagnetism example: electrons have both charge and spin-1/2, thus it possesses an intrinsic magnetic moment.
Is there a magnetic moment equivalent for the color charge, when spin is involved?
What would QCD predict about this? What would the effect be, especially in color-neutral hadrons?
I'm trying to wrap my head around the 0th law of thermodynamics. Sources say that it concerns the definition of temperature.
"If two thermodynamic systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other"
What would happen if this law failed? How would the notion of "temperature" be affected?
How should the forces be directed so that the sharp end is the one that always hits the target? How does angular velocity factor into this?
How should the mass of the knife be distributed? Would the shape matter? Effect of air resistance?
And other questions related to knife-throwing physics of course
Most elements in the periodic table are metals. But of those metals, the ferromagnetic ones are:
​
- Iron
- Cobalt
- Nickel
​
- Gadolinium
- Dysprosium
- Holmium
- Erbium
(Correct me if wrong).
​
These are just a small fraction of all the metals out there.
Why is this?
How is the gradual release of energy in the form of thrust achieved, without releasing all the energy at once (as a kaboom)? How many ways can this be done, and how can it go wrong?
In the very rudimentary example of a firework, it can produce thrust up to some point, and then it explodes... so it seems like these stages can be controlled