r/Mesopotamia

Mesopotamian Migration: An Advocated Doctorine

Mesopotamian Migration: An Advocated Doctorine

Achaemenid Empire

“…Herodotus reported that the ancient Persians called all of the Scythians Sacae, but they called themselves Scoloti. However, a modern comparison of the forms which are given in other ancient languages suggests that Skuda was their name. Ancient writers, such as Josephus and Jerome would associate the Scythians with the peoples of Gog and Magog, but British Israelist etymologists would see in Sacae a name derived from the biblical "Isaac", claiming that the appearance of the Scythians where they claimed the Lost Tribes were last documented also supported a connection. Further, British Israelists find support in the superficial resemblance between King Jehu's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Rock. They continued the chain of etymological identification leading from Isaac to the Sacae to the Saxons (interpreted as "Sac's sons" – the sons of Isaac), who are portrayed as invading England from Denmark, the 'land of the Tribe of Dan'. They saw the same tribal name, left by the wanderers, in the Dardanelles, the Danube, Macedonia, Dunkirk, Dunglow in Ireland, Dundee in Scotland, Sweden, and London, and ascribed to this lost tribe the mythical Irish Tuatha Dé Danann. In the name of the British they see berithish, referring to the Hebrew covenant with God…

…In the Welsh (Cymry) the British Israelists would see a direct connection through the Cimbri to the Cimmerians, the Gimirri of Assyrian annals, a name sometimes also given by the ancient Babylonians to the Scythians and Saka. Perceived similarity between this and the name by which the Assyrian annals referred to Israel, Bit Khumri, would lead the British Israelists to claim that the Welsh too were members of the Lost Tribes…

British Israelists believe that the Northern Tribes of Israel lost their identity after the captivity in Assyria and that this is reflected in the Bible. Dimont disagrees with this assertion and argues that only higher-ranking Israelites were deported from Israel and many Israelites remained. He cites examples after the Assyrian captivity, such as Josiah, King of Judah, who received money from the tribes of "Manasseh, and Ephraim, and all the remnant of Israel" (2 Chronicles 34:9), and Hezekiah, who sent invitations not only to Judah, but also to northern Israel for the attendance of a Passover in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30); British Israelites interpret 2 Chronicles 34:9 as referring to "Scythians"…

…Armstrong (Herbert W. Armstrong) promoted other genealogical history theories, such as the belief that modern-day Germany represents ancient Assyria (see Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism), writing, "The Assyrians settled in central Europe, and the Germans, undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient Assyrians."…”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism (very intriguing subject: BIWF map)

Notable Observation: Herodotus was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the Histories, a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars, among other subjects such as the rise of the Achaemenid dynasty of Cyrus. He has been described as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus

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Source (Image): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg#mw-jump-to-license

‘World’s First Signature’: The signature of “Kushim”

‘World’s First Signature’—an Early Biblical Name? Inscription of a Sumerian individual named “Kushim”

Going, going, gone—for $235,000 (nearly ₪800,000)!

That was the price paid at London-based Bloomsbury Auctions this summer for a small, roughly 7-centimeter-square block of clay, sold by the famous Norwegian antiquities collector Martin Schøyen—after a fierce bidding war nearly doubled the price he had hoped to receive.

Of course, this was more than just a square of clay. Dubbed the “world’s first signature,” this piece is dated to around 3000 BCE, and was discovered in the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk (southern Iraq). The item contains the “autograph” of an individual, said to be the “first recorded personal name of any human in history,” as well as a reference to beer-making (beer was first discovered in the Sumerian kingdom).

The tablet is translated as follows: “29,086 measures of barley, 37 months. Kushim”

Notable Observations: In Hebrew, the suffix -im (ים) acts primarily as a masculine plural marker, indicating more than one, similar to "-s" or "-es" in English. When applied to biblical names or divine titles, it often signifies a plural of intensity, majesty, or excellence (i.e. Kushim, Nigerim, Elohim, Mitzrayim/Mizraim, “Land of Sinim”-Isaiah 49:12, etc.).

While considering other cultural derivations from Mesopotamia to Canaan—as part of Abrahamic faiths and his journey—the Divine Names (“Nigerim-“) extracted from Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology) may indicate the origins of the names Niger-Nigeria in Sumer-Sumeria; including, as indicated by the sold artifact, Kush.

Also, as a literary device, or figuratively, Abraham’s journey may simply covey a migration from Mesopotamia to Canaan, etc. (Sin > Sinites, Genesis 10:6-20; Simeon called Niger, Acts 13:1). This includes back-migration considerations.

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Source (1-2): https://armstronginstitute.org/276-worlds-first-signature-an-early-biblical-name

Source (3-4): https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8403

Source (5): https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=KJVA@reference=Gen.10.6-Gen.10.20&options=HVNUG

Source (6): https://www.friendsofsabbath.org/Further_Research/e-books/Dictionary-of-Deities-and-Demons-in-the-Bible.pdf

Source (7): https://www.reddit.com/r/Mesopotamia/s/xxe5xNopOE

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 4 days ago

Thoughts on my inanna Ishtar design ? (Wip/doodles)

these are just some doodles I did, with the last image being the old design for her but it didn’t feel right, just looking for opinions before I go out and finish her lol

u/Crazy_Refuse_7449 — 4 days ago
▲ 106 r/Mesopotamia+2 crossposts

“The Yeho'ezer ben Hosh'ayahu seal is a rare 2,700-year-old seal of the First Temple Period discovered in Jerusalem in 2024. The seal, written in the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, features an neo-Assyrian-styled image of a winged figure with an inscription in Paleo-Hebrew letters of the name of Yehoʼezer ben Hoshʼayahu. It is part of a larger group of artifacts known as Canaanite and Aramaic seal inscriptions.

Archaeologists posit that this seal reveals the cultural impact that the Assyrian Empire had on the ancient Judah region.”

Notable observation: similarities between the Seal and Kef Kalesi Säulenelement.

———

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeho%27ezer\\\\\\\_ben\\\\\\\_Hosh%27ayahu\\\\\\\_seal

Video (Paul Wallis): https://youtu.be/glp4kq8cP8E?si=XzDKRvXrBDn1EZSb

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 5 days ago
▲ 753 r/Mesopotamia+4 crossposts

I'm sick and tired of Christians inserting their own propaganda on other cultures and mythologies.

The most recent example is the new Mummy movie.

Christians inserting their own beliefs in an ancient Pre-Judaism and Pre-Christian stories and culture.

The other example is calling Mesopotamian gods "fallen angels" (although this goes for any polytheistic religion. Like Egyptian gods, Norse gods and Greek gods as examples.)

They are so insecure they're gonna call everything they don't understand 'demonic' and 'evil'.

They are gonna swear on their god that Genesis influenced Epic of Gilgamesh and Enuma Elish and ignore any actual evidence of their book being borrowed from other civilizations and cultures.

The most annoying and infuriating shit they do is say stuff like "Yahweh destroyed Egyptian gods in Exodus".

Like, no, he didn't. That whole book is a propaganda to devalue Egyptian gods and make their god seem stronger to their audiences.

reddit.com
u/Neat_Relative_9699 — 7 days ago

Traces of Sin

The argument presented in this article belongs to the late Dr. Julius Lewy, professor of Semitic languages and biblical history at Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion.

He was most interested in the complex problem of the influence of other Semitic peoples upon the early history and religion of the various Israelite tribes before their settlement in Canaan…

…one small aspect of the problem which was of particular interest to Dr. Lewy will be examined: that material attesting to the worship of the moon god Sin among the Israelites…

The worship of the moon god Sin goes back at least to the third dynasty of Ur, where the god was honored in the form of a golden calf with crescent-shaped horns and a long, flowing beard of lapis lazuli. Woolley found several of the images in his excavations of the royal graves at Ur and has produced some striking drawings of the images in his report. That these images are in fact of the god Sin can be seen by the following description found in a Sumero-Akkadian hymn to that god: "Ferocious bull, whose horn is thick, whose legs are perfected, who is bearded in lapsis, and filled with luxury and abundance." Why the moon god was worshiped in this form is, naturally, an open question.

One speculation is that the shape of the horns reminded the devotee of the crescent moon.

Notable observations: Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions: There are a cow and a calf. A seated musician or weaver is to one side, above: the phrase "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah” (discovered in the Sinai Peninsula).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions

ONOMASTICS OF SIN

Notable observations: Brief observation of onomastic material and symbolism incorporating Sin (or Sin variants: Sen, Shin, Syn, etc.) or crescent moon symbolism (flags, etc.) in the Afro-Asiatic region:

(1) Sinosphere
(2) Sindh
(3) Sinhalese
(4) Singapore
(5) Mount Sineru
(6) Mount Sinai
(7) Sinites (Genesis 10:6-20)
(8) Sinim (“Land of Sinim”, Isaiah 49:12)
(9) Kingdom of Sine (Senegal/Sin-Ningal?)
(10) Sena People ("Jews of Southern Africa")

HAPLOGROUP DE (Africa to East Asia)

Excerpt from: A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa (figure 1.):

“…The Nigerian chromosomes sequenced in this study are highlighted in blue and assigned to the novel D0 haplogroup…

…The clade consisting of the D0 and D haplogroups is represented by blue squares and is observed in Africa and East Asia…

…Haplogroups D0 and D are estimated to have split 71,400 (63,100–81,000) years ago while the D0 individuals in this study coalesced 2500 (2200–2800) years ago.”

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6707464/

Notable observations: 2,200-2,800 YBP in Mesopotamia overlaps with Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal), Neo-Babylonian Empire (“symbol of the sun-god Shamash”), and Achaemenid Persian Period (Darius the Great; important to the decipherment of cuneiform).

Also see “Nigerim-“ in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Encyclopedia for Ancient Near Eastern studies) as a potential origin point for Niger-Nigeria in Sumer-Sumeria; including, its association with Shamash/Utu and Sin.

Source: https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8403

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Source (Image 1-8): https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264069?seq=2

Source (Image 9): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions

Source (Image 10): https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2001116584/

Source (Image 11): https://www.reddit.com/r/Mesopotamia/s/QATaNAxftB

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 6 days ago
▲ 30 r/Mesopotamia+1 crossposts

New video series: Sumerian Proverb of the Day

Hi all,

I recently started a video series on YouTube where I share and explain one ancient Sumerian proverb each day (well, each weekday). I thought you all might enjoy it.

Here's the intro: What is Ancient Sayings?
https://youtu.be/1nFww-cDvWc

And here's a recent example: Ancient Sayings #32: ABOMINATIONS WEEK! What annoys Inanna?
https://youtu.be/Djk1LkYQ0rY

I'd love to hear what you all think!

u/Mitanguranni — 6 days ago

An Ancient Mantra about transsexuality!

From Enheduanna's hymn, In-nin šà-gur-ra

(often titled The Lady of the Largest Heart

or The Passionate Inanna):

nita munus-ra munus nita-ra kur2-ru

za-a-kam Inana

"To turn a man into a woman and a

woman into a man is yours, Inanna"

reddit.com
u/LowPreparation1804 — 5 days ago
▲ 133 r/Mesopotamia+1 crossposts

Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446 & The Mesopotamian Woman

Portion of a Historical Text
ca. 1809–1743 B.C.E.

“When complete, the papyrus to which this fragment belonged measured almost seven feet long. The texts are written in a cursive form of hieroglyphs called hieratic. Differences in handwriting and in the historical events described demonstrate that different scribes added new inscriptions over several generations.

The most important text recounts the efforts of a Thirteenth Dynasty Theban noblewoman named Senebtisi to establish legal ownership of ninety-five household servants, whose names indicate that forty-five were of Asiatic origin. The presence of so many foreigners in a single household suggests that the Asiatic population was increasing rapidly in Thirteenth Dynasty Egypt.

As was customary, some of these foreigners no doubt married Egyptians, adopted Egyptian beliefs and cultural traditions, and were absorbed into the cultural mainstream. Others, especially prisoners of war or descendants of military captives, remained loyal to their Asian heritage. Some of these foreigners facilitated the collapse of the Middle Kingdom and the later conquest of Egypt by the Asiatic Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period.”

Notable observation: Šamaštu (Šmš-tw), a female asiatic name, included in the Brooklyn Papyrus—possibly a Shamash (Šamaš) derivative from Mesopotamia—in the still frame video.

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Source (Image 1): https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/objects/3369

Source (Image 2): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos

Source (Image 3a): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Figurines_in_Hecht_Museum

Source (Image 3b): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figurine_from_Egypt_of_semitic_slave_(2).jpg

Source (Video/Images 4-10): https://youtu.be/lfQdjdSm2AE?si=fv8WN0mw0ynEl3E1

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 8 days ago
▲ 81 r/Mesopotamia+1 crossposts

Art & Artifacts: Hammurabi & Shamash

Hammurabi, Relief Portrait (House Chamber in the U.S. Capitol): Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792-1750 B.C.) King of Babylonia. Author of the Code of Hammurabi, which is recognized in legal literature as one of the earliest surviving legal codes.

The 23 marble relief portraits over the gallery doors of the House Chamber in the U.S. Capitol depict historical figures noted for their work in establishing the principles that underlie American law. They were installed when the chamber was remodeled in 1949-1950.

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Source (Image 1): https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/hammurabi-relief-portrait

Source (Image 2): https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010174436

Source (Image 3): https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/380602001

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 9 days ago
▲ 29 r/Mesopotamia+1 crossposts

Ubaid Headshaping: Negotiating of Identity through Physical Appearance?

BEYOND THE UBAID: TRANSFORMATION AND INTEGRATION IN THE LATE PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST, International Workshop held at Grey College, University of Durham, 20-22 April 2006

This paper reviews the current state of evidence for headshaping in the Near East, particularly in what are deemed Ubaid and Ubaid-related contexts, and argues that a particular type of headshaping, the circumferential type, overlaps in large areas with the Ubaid and Ubaid-related material-culture zone evident in southern Mesopotamia and the lowlands of southwestern Iran, northern Mesopotamia, eastern Turkey, the valleys of the Zagros Mountains, and the western shores of the Gulf (Pollock 1999: 12).

Prior to discussing the headshaping evidence in detail at the scales of individual sites, sets of sites, and regions, some theoretical and methodological considerations are offered.

A scrutiny of currently available data is followed by a discussion attempting to evaluate various interpretations of the chronological and spatial patterning visible in the data.

Bioarchaeological studies on headshaping in historically documented instances and ethnographic case studies are used to illustrate a range of sociocultural uses to which differential headshaping was put, in cross-cultural contexts.

Avenues for future research are suggested, highlighting the multiple possibilities offered by current bioarchaeological techniques and analytical approaches, as well as the importance of conscientious recovery and curation of human skeletal remains.

Notable Observation: Cross reference Figure 9.1. (“Mangbetu woman readjusting the headshaping bandages of an infant”) with photo image.

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Source (Image 1-4): https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc63.pdf

Source (Image 5): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Zagórski_-_Mangbetu_woman.jpg

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 8 days ago

The Monolith stele of Shalmaneser III & The Israel Inscription

Limestone stela: a round-topped stele, of inferior limestone, much eroded. The king, Shalmaneser III, stands before four divine emblems: (1) the winged disk, the symbol of the god Ashur, or, as some hold, of Shamash; (2) the six-pointed star of Ishtar, goddess of the morning and evening star; (3) the crown of the sky-god Anu, in this instance with three horns, in profile; (4) the disk and crescent of the god Sin as the new and the full moon.

The Shalmaneser III monolith (852 BC) contains a description of the Battle of Qarqar at the end. This description contains the name "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a”, providing the first extrabiblical reference to Ahab, king of Israel.

It is also one of four known contemporary inscriptions containing the name of Israel, the others being:

(2) the Merneptah Stele (1208 BCE);

(3) the Tel Dan Stele (870–750 BCE); and,

(4) the Mesha Stele (840 BCE).

Notable Observation: In the Signs of Israelite Slavery in Egypt video, Egyptologist James K Huffmeier highlights wall paintings in the Tomb of Rekhmire (1479-1400 BCE), ~1 mile from where the Merneptah Stele was discovered—ancient Thebes, Egypt (region).

Tomb of Rekhmire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT100

The Torah: https://www.thetorah.com/article/what-we-know-about-slavery-in-egypt

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Source (Images): https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/150815001

Source (Wiki-alternate): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser\_III

Source (Video): https://youtu.be/4z9V-44cLpQ?si=gpwors6rbbUNjQhL

Source (2): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele

Source (3): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_stele

Source (4): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_Stele

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 11 days ago
▲ 31 r/Mesopotamia+3 crossposts

Hammurabi’s Code and the Origins of Legal Systems

Hammurabi’s Code is one of the earliest surviving legal systems, offering a glimpse into how ancient states used written law to govern society nearly 4,000 years ago. This article explores the famous Babylonian code, its harsh punishments, and the lasting influence it had on later legal traditions. It’s a fascinating look at how ideas of justice, authority, and social order developed in the ancient world.

historychronicler.com
u/History-Chronicler — 10 days ago

A few highlights from the Met

  1. Furniture element with head of a roaring lion, 900-700 BCE, Nimrud
  2. Wall relief fragment with Assyrian soldiers, Reign of Sennacherib, 704-681 BCE, Nineveh
  3. Standing male worshipper, 2900-2600 BCE, Tell Asmar (ancient Eshnunna)

The Galleries for the Art of the Ancient Near East and Cyprus are set to reopen this year!

u/Dreamfox37 — 13 days ago

A Familiar Flood: Dr. Finkel’s Journey & Ancient Families

Still image film from Dr. Finkel’s interview with Lex Fridman regarding the Round Ark Tablet and flood narratives; in addition, ancient names (families) for relative-context to highlight potential cultural derivations.

Notable Observations: The Table of Nations, in the Torah (Genesis 10:6-20), references:

(1) Cush relationship with Shinar (Sumer), Akkad, Ashur (Assyria), etc.

(2) Mizraim relationship with Anamim (JSTOR journal “The Anu in India and Egypt” regarding the Anamim reference to Anumim, plurality of Anu—see Alexander The Great citation).

(3) Canaan relationship with Hittites, Amorites (Babylonian King Hammurabi), and Sinites (people-group plurality of Sin).

PROTO-SINAITIC

Proto-Sinaitic/Canaanite script/alphabet is considered the earliest form of the alphabet. According to common theory, Israelites, Canaanites or Hyksos (“rulers of foreign lands") who spoke a Canaanite language repurposed Egyptian hieroglyphs to construct a different script.

Source (Proto-Sinaitic): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script

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Source (Video, Images 1-10): https://youtu.be/vnIOtTVUYUI?si=2yNczuSg8v1yQ7Qp

Source (Image 11): https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/380602001

Source (Image 12a): https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=KJVA@reference=Gen.10.6-Gen.10.20&options=VNHUG

Source (Image 12b): https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-table-of-nations-the-geography-of-the-world-in-genesis-10

u/Responsible_Ideal879 — 12 days ago

seeking a sumerian translator

hi r/Mesopotamia! i am a filmmaker and musician currently working on an experimental piece about lugalzagesi.

i would love to translate some of my writing into sumerian (i’m more focused on the sounds/phonetics not the cuneiform), also potentially akkadian.

lots of details still up in the air, i just wanted to put a message out to see if anyone is interested in helping me, or can direct me to someone who would be a good fit. all i can offer is credit in the film, i don’t have any money lol :( it should be fun though, there isn’t much text. i also have some questions about sumerian history and literature and would love to chat.

dm me if you’re interested! thanks

reddit.com
u/harveykeitel190 — 13 days ago