u/Responsible_Ideal879

Mural painting called "the Investiture"—The Investiture of Zimri-Lim

The central panel could evoke a temple with a vestibule guarded by goddesses with a gushing vase. The main scene takes place in the temple cella and shows the king facing the goddess Ishtar, his foot resting on a lion, his animal-attribute that hands the king the symbols of power: the circle and the stick.

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Source (Image 1-2): https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010144553

Source (Image 1, Wiki-alternate): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture\_of\_Zimri-Lim

Mural painting called "the Investiture"—The Investiture of Zimri-Lim

The central panel could evoke a temple with a vestibule guarded by goddesses with a gushing vase. The main scene takes place in the temple cella and shows the king facing the goddess Ishtar, his foot resting on a lion, his animal-attribute that hands the king the symbols of power: the circle and the stick.

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Source (Image 1-2): https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010144553

Source (Image 1, Wiki-alternate): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_of_Zimri-Lim

Achaemenid Empire

“…Herodotus reported that the ancient Persians called all of the Scythians Sacae, but they called themselves Scoloti. However, a modern comparison of the forms which are given in other ancient languages suggests that Skuda was their name. Ancient writers, such as Josephus and Jerome would associate the Scythians with the peoples of Gog and Magog, but British Israelist etymologists would see in Sacae a name derived from the biblical "Isaac", claiming that the appearance of the Scythians where they claimed the Lost Tribes were last documented also supported a connection. Further, British Israelists find support in the superficial resemblance between King Jehu's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Rock. They continued the chain of etymological identification leading from Isaac to the Sacae to the Saxons (interpreted as "Sac's sons" – the sons of Isaac), who are portrayed as invading England from Denmark, the 'land of the Tribe of Dan'. They saw the same tribal name, left by the wanderers, in the Dardanelles, the Danube, Macedonia, Dunkirk, Dunglow in Ireland, Dundee in Scotland, Sweden, and London, and ascribed to this lost tribe the mythical Irish Tuatha Dé Danann. In the name of the British they see berithish, referring to the Hebrew covenant with God…

…In the Welsh (Cymry) the British Israelists would see a direct connection through the Cimbri to the Cimmerians, the Gimirri of Assyrian annals, a name sometimes also given by the ancient Babylonians to the Scythians and Saka. Perceived similarity between this and the name by which the Assyrian annals referred to Israel, Bit Khumri, would lead the British Israelists to claim that the Welsh too were members of the Lost Tribes…

British Israelists believe that the Northern Tribes of Israel lost their identity after the captivity in Assyria and that this is reflected in the Bible. Dimont disagrees with this assertion and argues that only higher-ranking Israelites were deported from Israel and many Israelites remained. He cites examples after the Assyrian captivity, such as Josiah, King of Judah, who received money from the tribes of "Manasseh, and Ephraim, and all the remnant of Israel" (2 Chronicles 34:9), and Hezekiah, who sent invitations not only to Judah, but also to northern Israel for the attendance of a Passover in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30); British Israelites interpret 2 Chronicles 34:9 as referring to "Scythians"…

…Armstrong (Herbert W. Armstrong) promoted other genealogical history theories, such as the belief that modern-day Germany represents ancient Assyria (see Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism), writing, "The Assyrians settled in central Europe, and the Germans, undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient Assyrians."…”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism

(very intriguing subject: BIWF map)

Notable Observation: Herodotus was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the Histories, a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars, among other subjects such as the rise of the Achaemenid dynasty of Cyrus. He has been described as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus

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Source (Image): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg#mw-jump-to-license

Book of Jubilee 8:10-11

“And she bare him a son in the fifth year thereof, and he called his name Eber: and he took unto himself a wife, and her name was ’Azûrâd (Azurad) the daughter of Nêbrôd (Nimrod) in the thirty-second jubilee, in the seventh week, in the third year thereof.”

There is no direct evidence that Nimrod was an actual person in any of the non-biblical historic records, registers, or king lists (including the Mesopotamian ones, which are considered older than the biblical record).

Historians have failed to match Nimrod with any historically attested figure, or to find any historical, linguistic or genetic link between the Sumerian and Semitic Mesopotamians and the distant and later emerging Kingdom of Kush (Kushim?) in modern Sudan.

Yigal Levin suggested that the biblical Nimrod was inspired by one of the exclusively Mesopotamian historical figures, Naram-Sin of Akkad, grandson of Sargon, and other scholars have attempted to attribute the inspiration behind Nimrod to one or more Assyrian, Akkadian or Babylonian kings, or to the Assyro-Babylonian god Ninurta.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod

Notable observations: The Book of Jubilees mentions the name "Nebrod" (the Greek form of Nimrod) only as being the father of Azurad, the wife of Eber and mother of Peleg (8:7). This account would thus make Nimrod (Kush: Ethiopian Jews, etc.) an ancestor of Abraham, and hence of all Hebrews.

See Sin referenced on map (An Historical Text Book and Atlas of Biblical Geography, by Lyman Coleman), north of the Sinai region, seaside, in yellow.

The Table of Nations: The Geography of the World in Genesis 10: https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-table-of-nations-the-geography-of-the-world-in-genesis-10

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Source (1): https://www.sefaria.org/Book_of_Jubilees.8.11?lang=bi

Source (2): https://static1.squarespace.com/static/590be125ff7c502a07752a5b/t/5ab32f6f88251b5549926660/1521692544659/Coleman%2C+Lyman%2C+An+Historical+Text+Book+and+Atlas+of+Biblical+Geography.pdf

Source (2, Wiki-alternate): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenaz

‘World’s First Signature’—an Early Biblical Name? Inscription of a Sumerian individual named “Kushim”

Going, going, gone—for $235,000 (nearly ₪800,000)!

That was the price paid at London-based Bloomsbury Auctions this summer for a small, roughly 7-centimeter-square block of clay, sold by the famous Norwegian antiquities collector Martin Schøyen—after a fierce bidding war nearly doubled the price he had hoped to receive.

Of course, this was more than just a square of clay. Dubbed the “world’s first signature,” this piece is dated to around 3000 BCE, and was discovered in the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk (southern Iraq). The item contains the “autograph” of an individual, said to be the “first recorded personal name of any human in history,” as well as a reference to beer-making (beer was first discovered in the Sumerian kingdom).

The tablet is translated as follows: “29,086 measures of barley, 37 months. Kushim”

Notable Observations: In Hebrew, the suffix -im (ים) acts primarily as a masculine plural marker, indicating more than one, similar to "-s" or "-es" in English. When applied to biblical names or divine titles, it often signifies a plural of intensity, majesty, or excellence (i.e. Kushim, Nigerim, Elohim, Mitzrayim/Mizraim, “Land of Sinim”-Isaiah 49:12, etc.).

While considering other cultural derivations from Mesopotamia to Canaan—as part of Abrahamic faiths and his journey—the Divine Names (“Nigerim-“) extracted from Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology) may indicate the origins of the names Niger-Nigeria in Sumer-Sumeria; including, as indicated by the sold artifact, Kush.

Also, as a literary device, or figuratively, Abraham’s journey may simply covey a migration from Mesopotamia to Canaan, etc. (Sin > Sinites, Genesis 10:6-20; Simeon called Niger, Acts 13:1). This includes back-migration considerations.

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Source (1-2): https://armstronginstitute.org/276-worlds-first-signature-an-early-biblical-name

Source (3-4): https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8403

Source (5): https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=KJVA@reference=Gen.10.6-Gen.10.20&options=HVNUG

Source (6): https://www.friendsofsabbath.org/Further_Research/e-books/Dictionary-of-Deities-and-Demons-in-the-Bible.pdf

Source (7): https://www.reddit.com/r/Mesopotamia/s/xxe5xNopOE

Many are familiar with Egypt’s New Kingdom Period, which began around 1550 b.c.e. and was dominated by a powerful united Egypt controlled by 18th Dynasty Thutmosid and later 19th Dynasty Ramesside pharaohs. This overall New Kingdom Period is widely regarded as the one within which the Exodus took place, with both of the two main Exodus theories fitting into this window (the “early,” 15th-century view vs. the “late,” 13th-century view; see “What Is the Correct Time Frame for the Exodus and Conquest of the Promised Land?” for more on this subject).

Before this New Kingdom Period began, however, the picture was very different. Egypt was in what is known as the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1700–1550 b.c.e. This was a decentralized period in Egyptian history, within which Egypt was essentially split in half—between Upper Egypt in the south, ruled by native Egyptian pharaohs, and Lower Egypt in the north, the swathe of Egypt including the Nile Delta and the biblical land of Goshen.

This split occurred when a population of Semitic peoples migrated from Canaan into the northern Egyptian Delta and established themselves as a powerful ruling class. These Semitic, Canaan-originating people were known to the Egyptians as the Hyksos—a unique people known for their shepherding and multicolored garments. And while later, propagandistic Egyptian texts (such as that of the third-century b.c.e. Egyptian historian Manetho) accused them of violently taking the land, modern researchers now know that they became established within Egyptian territory peaceably.

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Source: https://armstronginstitute.org/1208-the-hyksos-evidence-of-jacobs-family-in-egypt

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos

The argument presented in this article belongs to the late Dr. Julius Lewy, professor of Semitic languages and biblical history at Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion.

He was most interested in the complex problem of the influence of other Semitic peoples upon the early history and religion of the various Israelite tribes before their settlement in Canaan…

…one small aspect of the problem which was of particular interest to Dr. Lewy will be examined: that material attesting to the worship of the moon god Sin among the Israelites…

The worship of the moon god Sin goes back at least to the third dynasty of Ur, where the god was honored in the form of a golden calf with crescent-shaped horns and a long, flowing beard of lapis lazuli. Woolley found several of the images in his excavations of the royal graves at Ur and has produced some striking drawings of the images in his report. That these images are in fact of the god Sin can be seen by the following description found in a Sumero-Akkadian hymn to that god: "Ferocious bull, whose horn is thick, whose legs are perfected, who is bearded in lapsis, and filled with luxury and abundance." Why the moon god was worshiped in this form is, naturally, an open question.

One speculation is that the shape of the horns reminded the devotee of the crescent moon.

Notable observations: Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions: There are a cow and a calf. A seated musician or weaver is to one side, above: the phrase "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah” (discovered in the Sinai Peninsula).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions

ONOMASTICS OF SIN

Notable observations: Brief observation of onomastic material and symbolism incorporating Sin (or Sin variants: Sen, Shin, Syn, etc.) or crescent moon symbolism (flags, etc.) in the Afro-Asiatic region:

(1) Sinosphere
(2) Sindh
(3) Sinhalese
(4) Singapore
(5) Mount Sineru
(6) Mount Sinai
(7) Sinites (Genesis 10:6-20)
(8) Sinim (“Land of Sinim”, Isaiah 49:12)
(9) Kingdom of Sine (Senegal/Sin-Ningal?)
(10) Sena People ("Jews of Southern Africa")

HAPLOGROUP DE (Africa to East Asia)

Excerpt from: A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa (figure 1.):

“…The Nigerian chromosomes sequenced in this study are highlighted in blue and assigned to the novel D0 haplogroup…

…The clade consisting of the D0 and D haplogroups is represented by blue squares and is observed in Africa and East Asia…

…Haplogroups D0 and D are estimated to have split 71,400 (63,100–81,000) years ago while the D0 individuals in this study coalesced 2500 (2200–2800) years ago.”

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6707464/

Notable observations: 2,200-2,800 YBP in Mesopotamia overlaps with Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal), Neo-Babylonian Empire (“symbol of the sun-god Shamash”), and Achaemenid Persian Period (Darius the Great; important to the decipherment of cuneiform).

Also see “Nigerim-“ in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Encyclopedia for Ancient Near Eastern studies) as a potential origin point for Niger-Nigeria in Sumer-Sumeria; including, its association with Shamash/Utu and Sin.

Source: https://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8403

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Source (Image 1-8): https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264069?seq=2

Source (Image 9): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions

Source (Image 10): https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2001116584/

Source (Image 11): https://www.reddit.com/r/Mesopotamia/s/QATaNAxftB