r/astrophysics

If humanity ever truly leaves the Solar System, do we eventually settle another planetary surface, or do we become permanently bound to interstellar space and build our own worlds instead?

Assume that, at some point, humans become capable of physically leaving the Solar System. Not probes, but actual long-duration human civilization. Would we really still think of the spacecraft as transportation? Or does the spacecraft itself form the basis of our new world?

If a population spends hundreds or thousands of years aboard a self-sustaining worldship, that ship would become the environment people are adapted to physically, culturally, socially, and probably eventually biologically. It would have its own gravity, atmosphere, ecology, agriculture, day/night cycle, infrastructure, and built environment.

The question that I am grappling with: Do we expect the descendants of the original travelers to abandon the world their civilization has spent centuries optimizing so they can adapt themselves to some planet with different gravity, radiation, atmospheric chemistry, seasons, biology, and day length?

Or would the more likely model be that they remain a spacefaring civilization? In this scenario, star systems are not necessarily a place to alight. They are sources of energy, materials, scientific opportunity, and perhaps new locations to position additional artificial habitats.

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u/RADICCHI0 — 22 hours ago

What if tidal locking doesn’t make a planet uninhabitable?

A sufficiently dense atmosphere could redistribute heat from the permanent dayside to the nightside, potentially creating a temperate twilight zone around the terminator.

Could these “eyeball worlds” actually be viable habitats for life?

What would be the biggest obstacle: atmospheric collapse, stellar flares, or something else?

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u/Astro_Life_Explained — 15 hours ago
▲ 0 r/astrophysics+1 crossposts

Does distance changed when traveling at speed of light?

I'm trying to understand why space travelers age slower. Sorry if I described the question in a bit messy.

If a planet is away from earth, let's say 10 light years away, it means that if you travel at speed of light, it will take 10 years to get there, so the distance between earth and that planet is 10 light years.

A starship with a crew of astronauts, when they reach that planet and return to earth, everyone on earth is 20 years older, but the crew members will probably only older far less than 20 years(according to scientists).

But how? If the total distance between earth and the planet is a fixed distance (10 light years away), doesn't it means the crew on that starship also need 10 years to get there, they start from earth at speed of light, it should take them 10 year to get there? So they should experience 10 years to get there and 10 years to back to earth, everyone on that ship should age also 20 years?
If they age only 2 years for example (I am not scientist just random number), doesn't that means they only traveled total distance of 2 light years ?
Even if time slow down at speed of light, the speed is same, isn't the distance is still 10 light years (10 x speed of light)?

If distance = speed x time

The distance doesn't change, the speed doesn't change(light speed which is maximum in universe in theory), then you still need 10 years to get there unless...distance changed?

Do the crew members also experience 10 years in time but only "2 years biologically"? Or do they only experience 2 years time?

Edit:

Not sure if I got this right. I have read all replies and came to a conclusion: the distance is different from 2 perspectives.

So now I wonder...

If some aliens see us earth 100 light years away, they decide to fly to earth at light speed, from their perspective, the distance between is nearly 0, takes almost 0 time to arrive earth, but for earth people, we see them in a telescope, they are coming "slowly" closer everyday, and scientists predict they will arrive in 100 years.

The question is... from earths perspective, by the time they arrived we have already passed 100 years, but to them is almost instantaneous, so what do they see when they arrived? Earth after 100 years or The same Earth they see in a telescope when they leave their planet since they take almost no time to arrive?

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u/CountyElectrical2398 — 2 days ago

Habitability of relativistic planets?

We know that stars can be accelerated near the speed of light if they, as part of a binary, made a flyby of a black hole and one ejects the other. I feel like this could theoretically apply to planets as well, no?

We also know that the universe used to be the perfect temperature, universally, for liquid water to exist. While the CMB still has energy to give, the temperature could be brought back up to that habitable level if you're traveling close to the speed of light.

Here's the idea: a superearth with a very thick atmosphere is ejected from a stellar system in a way that brings it incredibly close to the speed of light, on a path leading it out of the galaxy. As it departs, maybe it will impact a few pieces of debris, but statistically it should survive the outbound trajectory.

And then, it's just flying through the universe. It's heading towards an empty void, so there isn't a lot of extra light from galaxies. As the CMB eventually cools down, though, it does get closer to the other side of the void. The intensity of a galaxy in the distance balances with the fading universal glow, and continues until the planet leaves this galaxy, at which point I don't think anything will be able to keep it warm for much longer. Thoughts?

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u/Kiqox_Ue — 1 day ago

Expansion of the universe and gravity

Probably a shower/drunk thought question, but if the universe is expanding - objects moving farther away from our vantage point, why isn’t the distance between the Sun and planets, or the planets themselves, increasing?

Is the expansion of the universe tempered or neutralized by local sources of gravity (ie the Sun, planets) in localized areas?

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u/thatblkman — 3 days ago

y'alll!! how do we define "now" 10 billion light-years away if there's no universal present?

Since special relativity rejects absolute simultaneity, what frame of reference or cosmological clock are scientists using when they talk about what is happening in a distant galaxy "right now"? -.- ?

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u/CallMeGreek — 3 days ago

What If TRAPPIST-1e Has No Atmosphere?

If TRAPPIST-1e turns out to have no atmosphere, would that make the entire TRAPPIST-1 system much less interesting in the search for life?

Or could another planet in the system, like TRAPPIST-1f or even 1c, still surprise us?

I find the system interesting because the planets formed around the same star, but they could have ended up with very different atmospheric histories.

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u/Astro_Life_Explained — 3 days ago

Is the visible universe a perfect sphere in which we are the center, or are we able to “ see” farther in certain directions making the visible universe a more distorted space?

So the visible universe is what we can see, and I wonder if we can see farther in certain directions, and if that is the case, what would the visible universe be shaped like?

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u/a_happy_psychonaut — 4 days ago
▲ 0 r/astrophysics+2 crossposts

Fictional energy source ideas? Pls help me out, I rly don't wanna use AI :(

Hellooo people who are hopefully better in physics, or whatever this is, than me lol
I'm currently working on a sci-fi graphic novel and I already have the general history of their planet but still miss the main energy source.
The timeline is basically:
- humans on our planet (or similar parallel universe) sent out a rocketship to search for a planet B
- the rocketship went through space for hundreds of years, then it got crashed by (idk yet)
- the part of the rocket that contained all their laboratory probes and also the fuel tank lands on the current planet
- this sends an automatical emergency signal back to earth
- by now earth is basically ruled by AI and unlivable, but the rich had enough time in their bunkers and found a way to actually make a wormhole work
- so they travel to the coordinates the original rocket collapsed and find the planet
- in the time the signal traveled back to earth new life from the probes and bacteria.... formed at the current planet
- the rocket tank evolved into the main energy source
- the big bosses of the humans claim this as their own and build a society around it
- now it's already a few hunderd years later

The question is:
What energy sources could that be?
Is there something that could be in theory fused from a rocket fuel and something that could be naturally found in a foreign planet? Or some occurrences that could get activated by the crash?

I'm lost here and really need some smart people to help me out. And I really don't want to use AI.

Thank you so much !

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u/softcushionshottea — 4 days ago

Does stellar lifetime affect the probability of intelligent life?

Earth took 4 Gyr to produce technological intelligence, while K-type stars can remain on the main sequence for tens of Gyr.

That raises an interesting possibility: Could a longer-lived star increase the probability of intelligence simply by providing a larger evolutionary window?

Or would stellar activity, planetary evolution, atmospheric stability, and other factors dominate?

Is stellar lifetime actually an important variable in the Drake-equation-style question of where intelligent life can emerge?

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u/Astro_Life_Explained — 4 days ago
▲ 681 r/astrophysics+1 crossposts

Elephant's Trunk Nebula (IC 1396A)

Taken under Bortle 6/7. Final image is based on 27hr of Halpha + Oiii data and 22.5hrs of Sii + Oiii data. All subs are 1,000s.

Equipment

  • Scope: Askar SQA70
  • Camera: ZWO ASI2600MC Pro
  • Mount: ZWO AM3
  • Guiding: ZWO ASI220MM Mini + WO 32mmUniGuide Scope
  • Filters: Optolong L-Ultimate + Altair Sii Oiii DualBand Ultra 4nm
u/No_Onion4170 — 8 days ago
▲ 4.5k r/astrophysics+2 crossposts

TIL astronomer James Bradley set out in the 1720s to measure stellar parallax; in pursuing it, he discovered aberration of light, provided direct observational evidence of Earth's orbit around the Sun, and estimated the speed of light with remarkable accuracy. He never detected the stellar parallax.

mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk
u/Minute_Ocelot502 — 9 days ago

I am so torn, money and stability or passion and happiness

Basically it has been my dream to study astrophysics since i was 6. my 6th birthday itself was space themed. I love this subject so much, and even took really hard subjects in high school, much more than I could handle, so that i could build a profile to study astrophysics in college. My heart skips everytime I think of space, I am filled with immense happiness and gratitude everyrime I learn something about it, look at it. Ive even just stared into the night sky and cried, out of pure joy, this is something so close to my heart, but reality hits, and I have to choose between making money and a more stable career or being happy and living my life with purpose. I have delved into all things astro, participated in astronomy clubs, and worked my way to leader positions, did a cornell course on astrophysics and scored really well, the summer course didnt even feel like work, i was so driven the whole time, easily the best summer of my life (i took it to see if I just liked the idea of space or if I also liked the technical and physics aspects of it, and i LOVE it, I LOVE that i am doing calculations related to a galaxy several light years away), Ive even written research papers in the field, I try to do as much as possible for this subject, around this time, I discovered my love for atomic physics, the macro and the micro. I love it so much. I even discovered an asteroid signature with my team as a citizen scientist. I am now attending college for Data Science and AI, this is a skillset that I can def use if I choose to pursure astrophysics in the future in post grad. But heres the descision I have to take now. Do I go down the path of finance, quant trading, AI researcher, all jobs that pay well, and stuff that I am kinda interested in, and are known to be stable i guess? Or follow my dream, to study space, im smiling thinking about it rn, but this path will be unstable, and Im ready to face it but I dont wanna be a burden on my parents in the future if the space industry does not prosper. I am so conflicted. I love math and physics and compsci, but this love can either translate into a corporate job with money but no happiness and passion or into my dream life, studying the stars.

what am i supposed to do? :((

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u/Some-Citron1873 — 6 days ago

I'm going to do a Data Science Bsc. Can I still go down the Astrophysics path?

Basically, I would prefer to be in academia (or research) involving Astrophysics. But I decided to do a Data Science Bsc. I love that field as well but astrophysics has always been my passion.

Is astrophysics still possible for me or should I just focus on going somewhere with data science? If I still have hope for Astrophysics... What can I do after my Bachelors to get there?

Anyways whatever I do, I prefer acadamia or research.

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u/blueberry_pan — 6 days ago

Why would a warp drive break causality? What would the consequences be?

I get that if we sent a ship to a new solar system at warp speed - it would arrive before it even was sent off. It would also probably become irradiated and kill everything in the ship.

But what would happen if we break causality? Does it even matter?

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u/OwnNeedleworker8784 — 9 days ago

Question about rocket launches and trajectories.

i saw in a video that the earth orbits the sun at 30km/s and that you'd need to cancel it out to reach the sun with a rocket. i don't understand, after reaching space, why not just steer towards it go straight? or about mars, all the diagrams I've seen launch the rocket while mars is closest to us, why not pre-launch so mars then sortens the distance by itself instead of lengthening it like in the diagram? these are genuine questions from an interested outsider so please forgive me if i sound dumb

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u/Dull-Dress7573 — 7 days ago
▲ 1 r/astrophysics+1 crossposts

Burning shell?

Not sure if this is the right sub, I just need this for my studies. My book isn't very clear, but the general chapter is about stellar nucleosynthesis, and it jumped from guide for understanding nuclear reactions to tables representing carbon shell burning, CNO cycle, etc.

What are these particular nuclear reactions for? (Carbon burning shell, CNO cycle, neon burning shell, oxygen burning shell, & silicon burning shell).

ChatGPT says they're reactions in massive stars, but the sources presented aren't very clear; and Googling is getting me nowhere.

Sources are also appreciated if possible!

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u/SilentBWObserver — 7 days ago

college for astrophysics + good financial aid?

i want to pursue astrophysics or at least applied physics in college. however, i would also need a decent amount of financial aid to attend due to my family's financial situation.

my stats are not enough to get into super prestigious schools:

4.3 weighted GPA w/ 9 APS (5s on seven of them, 4s on two)

1470 SAT/ 34 ACT

2 year leadership position in high school

~120 hrs of volunteering

self-studies with physics/astronomy courses

top 7% from a physics competition (planning to do more)

etc...

are there any unis that may be a good fit? i'm planning to apply to top-level schools too, i just need some target/safety schools so i can get in at least somewhere.

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u/ContextAdept9818 — 7 days ago

guys what is this im just a new student majoring astrophysics

I thought I will be watching Interstellar and Kurzgesagt everyday, and learning the philosophy of the universe, poetic discussions about the meaning of existence, parallel universes, alien life, and dark matter. But instead I need to solve the physics problem of a rocket travelling 294,213 miles per minute at a rotation of 1,242.1635 rpm with a 0.002% success rate and calculating if a 0.001 difference in rotational torque and terminal velocity will crash the spaceship to a boring ahh rock in mars instead of exotic black holes, wormholes, and distant multi-dimensional galaxies. And I think I am Cooper doing a heroic act of saving humanity by solving the theory of everything while Interstellar Cornfield Chase music is playing the background but instead I fucking die because my spaceship gets blown apart that was caused by a 2.418 x 10^-12 difference in hydrostatic equilibrium in the simulation cockpit and realized I'm actually not "him" and the fifth dimension isn't going to save me with drake music playing in the background. /s

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u/reyiwnl — 10 days ago