How I Think That the Vitamin D+ Works
I think that there is a positive correlation between the dosage of Vitaman D+ and the age of memories that it suppresses. So, as long as the Vitamin D+ comprises only a small percentage of the water supply, Silo 18's residents will gradually lose their memories in reverse of the order in which they formed them until the Vitamin D+ is no longer in the water supply.
Therefore, Silo 18's residents will still remember their identities and relationships with other people; however, they will have forgotten events that transpired from the time that Juliette went out to clean and onwards.