u/T1mbuk1

I think I have figured out my list.

1. Vowel loss between voiceless stops in unstressed syllables, except at the start of words beginning with glottal stops. (Might prohibit word-initial and word-internal consonant clusters, or implement epenthesis at a later point.)
2. The glottal stop and [h] are lost.
3. Stops are voiced between vowels and when following liquids, with stops following nasals also becoming prenasalized.
4. Coda stops are dropped. (This causes distribution overlap between voiced and voiceless stops.)
5. Coda nasals preceding obstruents are dropped, leading to voiced prenasalized stops becoming phonemic.
6. Vowel loss between [t] and [r], and between [t] and pharyngeals in unstressed syllables.
7. l-vocalization depending on the vowel it is adjacent to.
8. Clusters between dental and alveolar obstruents with [r] become post-trilled editions of those obstruents.
9. [u] merges with [o].
10. [r] merges with [l].
11. Clusters between dental and alveolar obstruents with pharyngeals become pharyngealized editions of those obstruents.
12. Rhotacism of [s] to [r] between vowels.
13. Plain velar and pharyngeal fricatives weaken to [h] in some environments.
14. A sound change leading to an overlapping distribution between [s] and [h].
15. A sound change leading to an overlapping distinction between those fricatives and [h].

For the s/r distinction post-rhotacism, I’m thinking of epenthesis, unless other candidates for sound changes are ideal. For sound change 15, I’m thinking of word-final vowel loss, though I need to reconsider it, given that I need to figure out the specific environments in which sound change 13 would occur. Any suggestions?

I posted something about this a while back.

Proto-Consonants: m, n, ŋ(ng), p, t, k, ʔ('), ɸ(f), θ(th), s, x, ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l

Proto-Vowels: a, e, i, o, u

Proto-Structure: CV(X)

X=m, n, ŋ(ng), ɸ(f), θ(th), s, x, ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l

(ʔ(') and h can only occur word-initially.)

Proto-Stress: antepenultimate stress(penultimate stress if penultimate syllable is closed)

Modern Consonants: m, n, ŋ(ng), p, b, ᵐb(mb), t, tʳ(tr), tˤ(t'), d, ⁿd(nd), k, g, ᵑg(ngg), ɸ(f), β(v), ᵐβ(mv), θ(th), θʳ(thr), θˤ(th'), ð(dh), ⁿð(ndh), s, sʳ(sr), sˤ(s'), x, ɣ(gh), ᵑɣ(ngh), ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l, j(y), w

Modern Vowels: a, e, i, o

I have some ideas for sound changes, which are ordered:

1. L-vocalization: \[l\] becomes \[j\] and \[w\] depending on phonetic environment.
2. \[r\] becomes \[l\].

⁠3. Rhotacism of \[s\] into \[r\].

4. Sound change causing an overlapping distribution of \[s\] and \[r\].

Other sound changes, which are unordered:

Voiceless obstruents become voiced between voiced segments, and become prenasalized when following nasals.

A few sound changes leading to an overlapping distribution of plain voiceless, plain voiced, and prenasalized voiced obstruents.

The glottal consonants are lost in all environments.

Vowel loss leading to clusters of voiceless dental and alveolar obstruents, or just \[t\], with \[r\] and pharyngeals.

A sound change leading to the emergence of the intended post-trilled and pharyngealized obstruents.

Guttural fricatives become \[h\] in some environments.

A sound change that ensures the distinction between the gutturals and \[h\].

I need to refine and order these sound changes, especially in relation to the ordered four, for the intended results. And add in extra ones to actually ensure the intended results.

Here are some ideas since you need both original and intended modern forms. Fair warning, some sound changes are neglected.

Pronouns:

1st Singular: kem > kem

1st Plural Inclusive: sax > sax or sah

1st Plural Exclusive: thi > thi

2nd Singular: to > to

2nd Plural: se > se

3rd Singular: kur > kol

3rd Plural: 'har > 'hal or hal

Nouns:

person: funla > fonla

water: tuxa > tuxa or tuha

fire: tefo > tefo

wind: haxi > axi or ahi

land: toltho > towtho

tree: the'h > the'h or theh

leaf: hiles > iyes

wood: tree+stuff, or the'htungi > the'htungi ot thehtungi

boat: hin > in

rock: thota > thota

forest: tree+place the'hsarup > the'hsalop, thehsalop, the'hsrop, or thehsrop

mountain: 'hem > 'hem or hem

land animal: karu > kalo

aerial animal: xing > xing or hing

climber animal: 'ukath > okath

aquatic animal: nepo > nepo

river: tengof > tengof

ocean: xur > xol or hol

banana: timo > timo

plantain: luthekax > lothekax or lothekah

stick: thir > thil

torch: fire+stick or tefothil > tefothiy(and maybe later, tefothi)

home: ngepahh > ngepahh or ngepah

sugar cane: lithemi'h > lithemi'h or lithemih

coconut: pemith > pemith

berry: xum > xom or hom

pepper: forix > folix or folih

breadfruit: so'hil > so'hil or sohil

candlenut: te'ham > te'ham or teham

cat(wild): hikor > ikol

cat(domesticated): keru > kelo

dog(wild): tek > tek

dog(domesticated): lef > yef

mouse: luf > wof

rat: torum > tolom

chicken: ta'hinro > ta'hinlo or tahinlo

pig(wild): muru > molo

pig(domesticated): tef > tef

bird: tul > tow

owl: re > le

bat: keth > keth

seagull: ocean+bird or xurtul > xoltow or holtow

frigate bird: lum > wom

yam: ref > lef

blade(dagger): kuros > kolos

spear: reth > leth

fern: mopath > mopath

plant: si'ho > si'ho or siho

flower: po'he > po'he or pohe

screw pine fruit: 'ax > ax or ah

bow: pel > pey

arrow: lura > wola

shark: thel > they

fish: tex > tex or teh

whale: lohhung > lohhong or lohong

sea turtle: thum > thom

crab: ter > tel

lobster: kal > kal

ray: so > so

octopus: xethi > xethi or hethi

squid: lotix > lotix or lotih

shell: ra'h > la'h or lah

coral: tes > tes

gecko: ngikapo > ngikapo

skink: xutath > xotath or hotath 

head: kehho > kehho or keho

arm: pas > pas

leg: tor > tol

hand: ngiko > ngiko

foot: sepeth > sepeth

mouth: nis > nis

nose: teth > teth

eye: 'i'h > i'h or ih

ear: lu > wo

sun: rix > lix or lih

moon: ngil > ngiy(and maybe later, ngi)

cloud: pir > pil

rain: tosir > tosil or toril(dunno about tosr)

lightning: mur > mol

child: mero > melo

rope: 'hanix > 'hanix, hanix, 'hanih, or hanih

bone: tath > tath

cohort: tha'h > tha'h or thah

hostile: kuhh > kohh or koh

name: rose'h > lose'h, loseh, lore'h, or loreh

skin: tunguth > tongoth

heart: 'ol > ow

blood: ker > kel

spirit: kuthul > kothow

order(governance): tilu > tiyo or tiwo

taboo: 'eki > eki

hair: naf > naf

tooth: sihh > sihh or sih

midsection: 'heng > 'heng or heng

tongue: thunga > thonga 

backside: thom > thom

mother: ngulex > ngowex, ngoyex, ngoweh, or ngoyeh

father: kolex > kowex or koweh

son: ngeth > ngeth

daughter: xim > xim or him

brother: laspi > laspi

sister: thalu > thawo

family: puroth > poloth

sky: toxe > toxe or tohe

grass: nger > ngel

day: thulo > thowo

night: rel > ley

star: latho > latho

sand: 'oth > oth

dirt/soil: rathun > lathon

path: land+river or tolthotengof > towthotengof

house: puxon > poxon or pohon

meat: animal+stuff or karutungi > kalotongi

egg: 'iko > iko

group: tilef > tiyef

basket: 'o'h > o'h or oh

dung: ken > ken

wave: rothu > lotho

storm: nethel > nethey

chief: hhux > hhux, hhuh, hux, or huh

offering: thulan > thowan

ancestor: turathxi > tolathxi, tolathhi, trathxi, or trathhi

chant: 'osre > osle

dance: thirki > thilki

paddle: kor > kol

net: soth > soth

earthquake: tusrox > toslox, tosloh, tosrox, or tosroh

eruption: muthras > mothlas or mothras

lava: furom > folom

thunder: kisrul > kislow or kisrow

volcano: 'efkir > efkil

place: sarup > salop

piece: fiso > fiso or firo

stuff: tungi > tongi

male: 'ix > ix or ih

female: por > pol

moss: kax > kax or kah

color: ngaf > ngaf

waterfall: kaso > kaso or karo

hunter: hunt+person or 'opofunla > opofonla

fisher person: fish+hunt+person or texopofunla > texopofonla or tehopofonla

farmer: gather/harvest+person or limfunla > yimvonla

method: kunix > konix or konih

time: roxen > loxen or lohen

moment: pikung > pikong

reason: lathem > lathem

Verbs:

hunt: 'opo > opo

eat: nep > nep

walk: meto > meto

run: 'o > o

go: ton > ton

stay: poxne > poxne or pohne

swim: tolem > towem

sit: thu > tho

lay: 'uro > olo

stand(original): pursi > polsi

stand(successor): lutho > lotho

live: 'hix > 'hix, hix, 'hih, or hih

exist: xung > xong or hong

start: 'hif> 'hif or hif

stop: thef > thef

finish: 'isa > isa or ira

begin: tungom > tongom

end: ros > los

become: thu'hi > tho'hi or thohi

proceed: se'hun > se'hon or sehon

gather/harvest: lim > yim

sit: thax > thax or thah

lie/lay: rufo > lofo

climb: torun > tolon or tron

jump: ne > ne

fall: reth > leth

talk/speak: ngas > ngas

exchange: 'oxu > oxo or oho

take: pengi > pengi

give: te'h > te'h or teh

guard: pil > piy

build/create: 'opa > opa

cook: pith > pith

burn: timla > timla

know: sehh > sehh or seh

fear: tur > tol

search: lith > yith

find/discover: thoxlo > thoxlo or thohlo

see: res > les

hear: lus > wus

taste: tha > tha

touch/feel: 'un > on

smell: rontho > lontho

learn: 'upe > ope

bite: 'uth > uth

love: naf > naf

loathe: re'h > le'h or leh

fly: ruhh > lohh or loh

leave: ki > ki

come: 'heng > 'heng or heng

drink: pungla > pongla

fall: ru'h > lo'h or loh

laugh: 'u'h > o'h or oh

cry: telo > teyo or tewo

rage: kol > kow

smile: thore > thole or thre

frown: mil > miy

sleep: 'oreth > oleth

awake: toru > tolo or tro

live: mo'h > mo'h or moh

kill: porahh > polahh or polah

die: sothi > sothi

help: rexo > lexo or leho

scare: tixil > tixiy or tihiy

chase: thuren > tholen

scream: tan > tan

plant: rom > lom

shape: 'axtath > axtath or ahtath

carve: lathat > lathat

remember: loton > woton

forget: xipula > xipuwa or hipuwa

pray: tas > tas

agree: 'uleto > oyeto or oweto

disagree: lepo > lepo

fight/combat: thahhang > thahhang or thahang

tread: 'iki > iki

need: 'ulu > olo

dance: ngok > ngok

erupt/explode: 'usungku > osonggu or oronggu

fish: fish(n)+hunt or texopo > texopo or tehopo

order/command: 'ingku > ingko

obey: 'ukisri > okisri

disobey: kathra > kathra

breathe: nos > nos

Adjectives:

long: thihhin(derived from "stretch") > thihhin or thihin

short: leth > yeth

big: 'epo > epo

little: ngahh > ngahh or ngah

huge: kas > kas

small: mif > mif

good: ronge > longe

bad: kuth > koth

hot: lote > wote

cold: 'exo > exo or eho

empty: 'okun(derived from "lack") > okon

full: rif(derived from "possess") > lif

half-full: 'is > is

light: thare > thale or thre

heavy: 'ofi > ofi

dry: 'ethor > ethol

wet: hirko > ilko

strange/foreign: luti > woti

familiar: sunu > sono

same: sexo > sexo or seho

different: ngothe > ngothe

hard: fonge > fonge

soft: thex > thex or theh

strong: thelan > theyan

weak: reto > leto

sacred: xotha > xotha or hotha

dangerous: kaxo > kaxo or kaho

sharp: tel > tey

blunt: kex > kex or keh

ripe: tus > tos

raw: 'ilus > iyos or iwos

of/related to: lengi > lengi

clean: ngatur > ngatol

filthy: xoru > xolo or holo

sick: tux > tox or toh

fine: mes > mes

dead: po'h > po'h or poh

injured: kal > kal

alive: xeko > xeko or heko

thin: ngos > ngos

thick: tuf > tof

happy: 'eto > eto

sad: thom > thom

angry: tetho > tetho

disgusted: 'oxa > oxa or oha

afraid: putho > potho

brave: kolux > kowox or kowoh

stressed: kof > kof

calm: turin > tolin

funny: muth > moth

scary: xato > xato or hato

Adverbs:

The other day(or similar): tholon > thowon

Today: 'uka > oka

The next day(or similar): lenpe > yenpe

Colors:

light: thuhh > thohh or thoh

dark: las > las

red: motohh > motohh or motoh

grue: turu > tolo or tro

Prepositions:

inside: pethre > pethre

outside: 'etho > etho

above: se'h > se'h or seh

on: leke > yeke

below/under/beneath: 'hatil > 'hatiy or hatiy(and maybe later, 'hati or hati)

in front of: sethex > sethex or setheh

behind: muth > moth

close to/near: xuni > xoni or honi

towards: ku > ku

(away) from: ti > ti

next to/against: kungux > kongox, kongoh, or kongh

with: xis > xis or his

without: ngu > ngo

beside: kuxuf > koxof or kohof

Demonstratives:

this(proximate): su > so

that(medial): te > te

that(distal): xo > xo or ho

that(remote): ki > ki

Conjunctions/Converbs:

and: 'os > os

or: 'ux > ox or oh

but: ke > ke

because: tetha > tetha

if: 'uhh > ohh or oh

Interjections:

surprise expression: 'ahh > ahh or ah

anger expression: xu'h > xo'h, ho'h, xoh, or hoh

greeting: suxan > soxan or sohan

farewell: xos > xos or hos

apology: luth > woth

thank: xitun > xiton or hiton

alert of danger: tholis > thowis or thoyis

sadness expression: 'a > a

relaxed expression: 'ax > ax or ah

excitement: losol > wosow or worow

Groups of Time:

(This could be utilized for indigenous calendars.)

Directions:

(Might be based on a distinction of wind directions, from various mountains, whatever volcanoes would be on the island, forests, and/or bodies of water.)

Quantities:

few/some: netho > netho

many/much: sata > sata

all: sor > sol

Affirmation and Negation:

approval: kise > kise or kire

all else(affirmation): nas > nas

prohibition: huxo > oxo or oho

all else(negation): xa'h > xa'h, ha'h, xah, or hah

Questions:

Question marker: tari > tali or tri

What: rith > lith

Who: what+person or rithfunla > lithfonla

Where: what+place or rithsarup > lithsalop or lithsrop

How: what+method or rithkunix > lithkonix or lithkonih

Why: what+reason or rithlathem > lithlathem

When: what+moment or rithpikung > lithpikong

Eventual Possession Markers:

alienable(separable in sibling lang): sa > sa

inalienable(inseparable in sibling lang): ther > thel

temporary(exclusive to sibling lang): ngi > ngi

Numerals:

zero: rakan > lakan

one: ni > ni

two: fangi > fangi

three: niri > nili

four: repo > lepo

five: four and one, or reponi> leponi

six: four and two, or repofangi > lepofangi

seven: four and three, or reponiri > leponili

eight: two of four, or fangirepo > fangilepo

nine: "eight" and one, or fangireponi > fangileponi

ten: "eight" and two, or fangirepofangi

eleven: "eight" and three, or fangireponiri > fangileponili

twelve: ngikux > ngikox or ngikoh

thirteen: twelve and one, or ngikuxni > ngikoxni or ngikohni

fourteen: twelve and two, or ngikuxfangi > ngikoxfangi or nigkohfangi

fifteen: twelve and three, or ngikuxniri > ngikoxnili or ngikohnili

sixteen: xungar > xongal or hongal

256: turof > tolof

4096: se'hef > se'hef or sehef

I'll need to try this a few more times, given that the emergence of pharyngealized and post-trilled dentals and alveolars would have to occur before \[r\] becomes \[l\], or after the \[s\] and \[r\] distributions start to overlap.

What ideas do you guys have for the order of all these changes, and the missing required sound changes?

[](https://www.reddit.com/submit/?source\_id=t3\_1tedch2&composer\_entry=crosspost\_prompt)

I posted something about this a while back.

Proto-Consonants: m, n, ŋ(ng), p, t, k, ʔ('), ɸ(f), θ(th), s, x, ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l

Proto-Vowels: a, e, i, o, u

Proto-Structure: CV(X)

X=m, n, ŋ(ng), ɸ(f), θ(th), s, x, ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l

(ʔ(') and h can only occur word-initially.)

Proto-Stress: antepenultimate stress(penultimate stress if penultimate syllable is closed)

Modern Consonants: m, n, ŋ(ng), p, b, ᵐb(mb), t, tʳ(tr), tˤ(t'), d, ⁿd(nd), k, g, ᵑg(ngg), ɸ(f), β(v), ᵐβ(mv), θ(th), θʳ(thr), θˤ(th'), ð(dh), ⁿð(ndh), s, sʳ(sr), sˤ(s'), x, ɣ(gh), ᵑɣ(ngh), ħ(hh), ʕ('h), h, r, l, j(y), w

Modern Vowels: a, e, i, o

I have some ideas for sound changes, which are ordered:

1. L-vocalization: [l] becomes [j] and [w] depending on phonetic environment.
2. [r] becomes [l].

⁠3. Rhotacism of [s] into [r].

4. Sound change causing an overlapping distribution of [s] and [r].

Other sound changes, which are unordered:

Voiceless obstruents become voiced between voiced segments, and become prenasalized when following nasals.

A few sound changes leading to an overlapping distribution of plain voiceless, plain voiced, and prenasalized voiced obstruents.

The glottal consonants are lost in all environments.

Vowel loss leading to clusters of voiceless dental and alveolar obstruents, or just [t], with [r] and pharyngeals.

A sound change leading to the emergence of the intended post-trilled and pharyngealized obstruents.

Guttural fricatives become [h] in some environments.

A sound change that ensures the distinction between the gutturals and [h].

I need to refine and order these sound changes, especially in relation to the ordered four, for the intended results. And add in extra ones to actually ensure the intended results.

Here are some ideas since you need both original and intended modern forms. Fair warning, some sound changes are neglected.

Pronouns:

1st Singular: kem > kem

1st Plural Inclusive: sax > sax or sah

1st Plural Exclusive: thi > thi

2nd Singular: to > to

2nd Plural: se > se

3rd Singular: kur > kol

3rd Plural: 'har > 'hal or hal

Nouns:

person: funla > fonla

water: tuxa > tuxa or tuha

fire: tefo > tefo

wind: haxi > axi or ahi

land: toltho > towtho

tree: the'h > the'h or theh

leaf: hiles > iyes

wood: tree+stuff, or the'htungi > the'htungi ot thehtungi

boat: hin > in

rock: thota > thota

forest: tree+place the'hsarup > the'hsalop, thehsalop, the'hsrop, or thehsrop

mountain: 'hem > 'hem or hem

land animal: karu > kalo

aerial animal: xing > xing or hing

climber animal: 'ukath > okath

aquatic animal: nepo > nepo

river: tengof > tengof

ocean: xur > xol or hol

banana: timo > timo

plantain: luthekax > lothekax or lothekah

stick: thir > thil

torch: fire+stick or tefothil > tefothiy(and maybe later, tefothi)

home: ngepahh > ngepahh or ngepah

sugar cane: lithemi'h > lithemi'h or lithemih

coconut: pemith > pemith

berry: xum > xom or hom

pepper: forix > folix or folih

breadfruit: so'hil > so'hil or sohil

candlenut: te'ham > te'ham or teham

cat(wild): hikor > ikol

cat(domesticated): keru > kelo

dog(wild): tek > tek

dog(domesticated): lef > yef

mouse: luf > wof

rat: torum > tolom

chicken: ta'hinro > ta'hinlo or tahinlo

pig(wild): muru > molo

pig(domesticated): tef > tef

bird: tul > tow

owl: re > le

bat: keth > keth

seagull: ocean+bird or xurtul > xoltow or holtow

frigate bird: lum > wom

yam: ref > lef

blade(dagger): kuros > kolos

spear: reth > leth

fern: mopath > mopath

plant: si'ho > si'ho or siho

flower: po'he > po'he or pohe

screw pine fruit: 'ax > ax or ah

bow: pel > pey

arrow: lura > wola

shark: thel > they

fish: tex > tex or teh

whale: lohhung > lohhong or lohong

sea turtle: thum > thom

crab: ter > tel

lobster: kal > kal

ray: so > so

octopus: xethi > xethi or hethi

squid: lotix > lotix or lotih

shell: ra'h > la'h or lah

coral: tes > tes

gecko: ngikapo > ngikapo

skink: xutath > xotath or hotath 

head: kehho > kehho or keho

arm: pas > pas

leg: tor > tol

hand: ngiko > ngiko

foot: sepeth > sepeth

mouth: nis > nis

nose: teth > teth

eye: 'i'h > i'h or ih

ear: lu > wo

sun: rix > lix or lih

moon: ngil > ngiy(and maybe later, ngi)

cloud: pir > pil

rain: tosir > tosil or toril(dunno about tosr)

lightning: mur > mol

child: mero > melo

rope: 'hanix > 'hanix, hanix, 'hanih, or hanih

bone: tath > tath

cohort: tha'h > tha'h or thah

hostile: kuhh > kohh or koh

name: rose'h > lose'h, loseh, lore'h, or loreh

skin: tunguth > tongoth

heart: 'ol > ow

blood: ker > kel

spirit: kuthul > kothow

order(governance): tilu > tiyo or tiwo

taboo: 'eki > eki

hair: naf > naf

tooth: sihh > sihh or sih

midsection: 'heng > 'heng or heng

tongue: thunga > thonga 

backside: thom > thom

mother: ngulex > ngowex, ngoyex, ngoweh, or ngoyeh

father: kolex > kowex or koweh

son: ngeth > ngeth

daughter: xim > xim or him

brother: laspi > laspi

sister: thalu > thawo

family: puroth > poloth

sky: toxe > toxe or tohe

grass: nger > ngel

day: thulo > thowo

night: rel > ley

star: latho > latho

sand: 'oth > oth

dirt/soil: rathun > lathon

path: land+river or tolthotengof > towthotengof

house: puxon > poxon or pohon

meat: animal+stuff or karutungi > kalotongi

egg: 'iko > iko

group: tilef > tiyef

basket: 'o'h > o'h or oh

dung: ken > ken

wave: rothu > lotho

storm: nethel > nethey

chief: hhux > hhux, hhuh, hux, or huh

offering: thulan > thowan

ancestor: turathxi > tolathxi, tolathhi, trathxi, or trathhi

chant: 'osre > osle

dance: thirki > thilki

paddle: kor > kol

net: soth > soth

earthquake: tusrox > toslox, tosloh, tosrox, or tosroh

eruption: muthras > mothlas or mothras

lava: furom > folom

thunder: kisrul > kislow or kisrow

volcano: 'efkir > efkil

place: sarup > salop

piece: fiso > fiso or firo

stuff: tungi > tongi

male: 'ix > ix or ih

female: por > pol

moss: kax > kax or kah

color: ngaf > ngaf

waterfall: kaso > kaso or karo

hunter: hunt+person or 'opofunla > opofonla

fisher person: fish+hunt+person or texopofunla > texopofonla or tehopofonla

farmer: gather/harvest+person or limfunla > yimvonla

method: kunix > konix or konih

time: roxen > loxen or lohen

moment: pikung > pikong

reason: lathem > lathem

Verbs:

hunt: 'opo > opo

eat: nep > nep

walk: meto > meto

run: 'o > o

go: ton > ton

stay: poxne > poxne or pohne

swim: tolem > towem

sit: thu > tho

lay: 'uro > olo

stand(original): pursi > polsi

stand(successor): lutho > lotho

live: 'hix > 'hix, hix, 'hih, or hih

exist: xung > xong or hong

start: 'hif> 'hif or hif

stop: thef > thef

finish: 'isa > isa or ira

begin: tungom > tongom

end: ros > los

become: thu'hi > tho'hi or thohi

proceed: se'hun > se'hon or sehon

gather/harvest: lim > yim

sit: thax > thax or thah

lie/lay: rufo > lofo

climb: torun > tolon or tron

jump: ne > ne

fall: reth > leth

talk/speak: ngas > ngas

exchange: 'oxu > oxo or oho

take: pengi > pengi

give: te'h > te'h or teh

guard: pil > piy

build/create: 'opa > opa

cook: pith > pith

burn: timla > timla

know: sehh > sehh or seh

fear: tur > tol

search: lith > yith

find/discover: thoxlo > thoxlo or thohlo

see: res > les

hear: lus > wus

taste: tha > tha

touch/feel: 'un > on

smell: rontho > lontho

learn: 'upe > ope

bite: 'uth > uth

love: naf > naf

loathe: re'h > le'h or leh

fly: ruhh > lohh or loh

leave: ki > ki

come: 'heng > 'heng or heng

drink: pungla > pongla

fall: ru'h > lo'h or loh

laugh: 'u'h > o'h or oh

cry: telo > teyo or tewo

rage: kol > kow

smile: thore > thole or thre

frown: mil > miy

sleep: 'oreth > oleth

awake: toru > tolo or tro

live: mo'h > mo'h or moh

kill: porahh > polahh or polah

die: sothi > sothi

help: rexo > lexo or leho

scare: tixil > tixiy or tihiy

chase: thuren > tholen

scream: tan > tan

plant: rom > lom

shape: 'axtath > axtath or ahtath

carve: lathat > lathat

remember: loton > woton

forget: xipula > xipuwa or hipuwa

pray: tas > tas

agree: 'uleto > oyeto or oweto

disagree: lepo > lepo

fight/combat: thahhang > thahhang or thahang

tread: 'iki > iki

need: 'ulu > olo

dance: ngok > ngok

erupt/explode: 'usungku > osonggu or oronggu

fish: fish(n)+hunt or texopo > texopo or tehopo

order/command: 'ingku > ingko

obey: 'ukisri > okisri

disobey: kathra > kathra

breathe: nos > nos

Adjectives:

long: thihhin(derived from "stretch") > thihhin or thihin

short: leth > yeth

big: 'epo > epo

little: ngahh > ngahh or ngah

huge: kas > kas

small: mif > mif

good: ronge > longe

bad: kuth > koth

hot: lote > wote

cold: 'exo > exo or eho

empty: 'okun(derived from "lack") > okon

full: rif(derived from "possess") > lif

half-full: 'is > is

light: thare > thale or thre

heavy: 'ofi > ofi

dry: 'ethor > ethol

wet: hirko > ilko

strange/foreign: luti > woti

familiar: sunu > sono

same: sexo > sexo or seho

different: ngothe > ngothe

hard: fonge > fonge

soft: thex > thex or theh

strong: thelan > theyan

weak: reto > leto

sacred: xotha > xotha or hotha

dangerous: kaxo > kaxo or kaho

sharp: tel > tey

blunt: kex > kex or keh

ripe: tus > tos

raw: 'ilus > iyos or iwos

of/related to: lengi > lengi

clean: ngatur > ngatol

filthy: xoru > xolo or holo

sick: tux > tox or toh

fine: mes > mes

dead: po'h > po'h or poh

injured: kal > kal

alive: xeko > xeko or heko

thin: ngos > ngos

thick: tuf > tof

happy: 'eto > eto

sad: thom > thom

angry: tetho > tetho

disgusted: 'oxa > oxa or oha

afraid: putho > potho

brave: kolux > kowox or kowoh

stressed: kof > kof

calm: turin > tolin

funny: muth > moth

scary: xato > xato or hato

Adverbs:

The other day(or similar): tholon > thowon

Today: 'uka > oka

The next day(or similar): lenpe > yenpe

Colors:

light: thuhh > thohh or thoh

dark: las > las

red: motohh > motohh or motoh

grue: turu > tolo or tro

Prepositions:

inside: pethre > pethre

outside: 'etho > etho

above: se'h > se'h or seh

on: leke > yeke

below/under/beneath: 'hatil > 'hatiy or hatiy(and maybe later, 'hati or hati)

in front of: sethex > sethex or setheh

behind: muth > moth

close to/near: xuni > xoni or honi

towards: ku > ku

(away) from: ti > ti

next to/against: kungux > kongox, kongoh, or kongh

with: xis > xis or his

without: ngu > ngo

beside: kuxuf > koxof or kohof

Demonstratives:

this(proximate): su > so

that(medial): te > te

that(distal): xo > xo or ho

that(remote): ki > ki

Conjunctions/Converbs:

and: 'os > os

or: 'ux > ox or oh

but: ke > ke

because: tetha > tetha

if: 'uhh > ohh or oh

Interjections:

surprise expression: 'ahh > ahh or ah

anger expression: xu'h > xo'h, ho'h, xoh, or hoh

greeting: suxan > soxan or sohan

farewell: xos > xos or hos

apology: luth > woth

thank: xitun > xiton or hiton

alert of danger: tholis > thowis or thoyis

sadness expression: 'a > a

relaxed expression: 'ax > ax or ah

excitement: losol > wosow or worow

Groups of Time:

(This could be utilized for indigenous calendars.)

Directions:

(Might be based on a distinction of wind directions, from various mountains, whatever volcanoes would be on the island, forests, and/or bodies of water.)

Quantities:

few/some: netho > netho

many/much: sata > sata

all: sor > sol

Affirmation and Negation:

approval: kise > kise or kire

all else(affirmation): nas > nas

prohibition: huxo > oxo or oho

all else(negation): xa'h > xa'h, ha'h, xah, or hah

Questions:

Question marker: tari > tali or tri

What: rith > lith

Who: what+person or rithfunla > lithfonla

Where: what+place or rithsarup > lithsalop or lithsrop

How: what+method or rithkunix > lithkonix or lithkonih

Why: what+reason or rithlathem > lithlathem

When: what+moment or rithpikung > lithpikong

Eventual Possession Markers:

alienable(separable in sibling lang): sa > sa

inalienable(inseparable in sibling lang): ther > thel

temporary(exclusive to sibling lang): ngi > ngi

Numerals:

zero: rakan > lakan

one: ni > ni

two: fangi > fangi

three: niri > nili

four: repo > lepo

five: four and one, or reponi> leponi

six: four and two, or repofangi > lepofangi

seven: four and three, or reponiri > leponili

eight: two of four, or fangirepo > fangilepo

nine: "eight" and one, or fangireponi > fangileponi

ten: "eight" and two, or fangirepofangi

eleven: "eight" and three, or fangireponiri > fangileponili

twelve: ngikux > ngikox or ngikoh

thirteen: twelve and one, or ngikuxni > ngikoxni or ngikohni

fourteen: twelve and two, or ngikuxfangi > ngikoxfangi or nigkohfangi

fifteen: twelve and three, or ngikuxniri > ngikoxnili or ngikohnili

sixteen: xungar > xongal or hongal

256: turof > tolof

4096: se'hef > se'hef or sehef

I'll need to try this a few more times, given that the emergence of pharyngealized and post-trilled dentals and alveolars would have to occur before [r] becomes [l], or after the [s] and [r] distributions start to overlap.

What ideas do you guys have for the order of all these changes, and the missing required sound changes?

Where are the alleged character sheets anyway?

Aside from Lita, what characters are LGBT? What can debunk existing rumors about some characters being transgender?

(I have the AdBlock Plus extension on Chrome, fyi.)

Given how long the previous premium pop-up things lasted, how long might this one last? Also, should there be a thread in this subreddit to talk about the premium blockades and whatnot? I don't have anything else to type, so I thought I'd also ask how long a post in this sub needs to even be.

In some discussions about a hypothetical S3, someone said something about Jack exposing corruption in terms of the arcade. I thought of expanding upon it, with Jack, Beef, and the L.A.D. trio having some fun at the arcade, only for everyone to notice something, leading to callbacks to "L.A.D." Discussing it, Jack says he might know someone who could help, causing everyone to be curious. He then uses a crow call, summoning Ellie. You can figure out the rest from there.

How long will it last THIS time?

1. The Loud House: Royal Woods, Huntington Oaks, Hazeltucky, Fern Valley
2. The Casagrandes: Great Lakes City
3. Wylde Pak: Canyon Valley: Canyondale
4. Primos: Hacienda Hills, Fresadena
5. Craig of the Creek: Herkleton, Herkleton Mills

What would the total estimated populations be for each of those communities?

1. The Loud House: Royal Woods, Huntington Oaks, Hazeltucky, Fern Valley
2. The Casagrandes: Great Lakes City
3. Wylde Pak: Canyon Valley: Canyondale
4. Primos: Hacienda Hills, Fresadena
5. Craig of the Creek: Herkleton, Herkleton Mills

What would the total estimated populations be for each of those communities?

1. The Loud House: Royal Woods, Huntington Oaks, Hazeltucky, Fern Valley
2. The Casagrandes: Great Lakes City
3. Wylde Pak: Canyon Valley: Canyondale
4. Primos: Hacienda Hills, Fresadena
5. Craig of the Creek: Herkleton, Herkleton Mills

What would the total estimated populations be for each of those communities?

Remember my concept I shared about a human family being rescued by merfolk? Well, I’m trying to think of ideal settings and ideal beaches where the events would occur. I have some ideas in mind, like some beaches along the Central Coast of California. But what about you guys?

Question also on r/merfolk and r/mermaid.

Remember my concept I shared about a human family being rescued by merfolk? Well, I’m trying to think of ideal settings and ideal beaches where the events would occur. I have some ideas in mind, like some beaches along the Central Coast of California. But what about you guys?

Question also on r/merfolk and r/mermaids.