President James Hamilton

President of the United States since 1845 (NP-M)

House

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Speaker

Cirilo Villaverde Of Cuba (NP-L; Speaker since 1849, Congressman from Cuba since 1841)

Senate

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Pro Tempore

John Berrien of Georgia (NP-L; Pro Tempore since 1849, from 1841-1847, Senator from Georgia since 1835, from 1825-1829)

Major Laws

• Federal Interior Management Act of 1849 (Established the Department of the Interior.)
• Judicial Act of 1849 (Expanded the size of the Supreme Court from 6 to 8.)
• Legal Tender Act of 1849 (Established a secondary currency to be used until 1855, used to battle rising costs, “greenbacks”.)
• Federal Lands Lending Act of 1849 (Allows easier sale and auction of federal land, especially to farmers, allowing them to partially pay their debts in crops.)
• Tariff of 1850 (Within the confines of the American System, lowers tariffs on Agricultural goods until 1853 to their minimum allowed amount.)

Major Events

• Rising costs, inflation, and food shortages.
• Texas put on an annexation plan by 1855.
• Liberia made a Territory.
• Aided Haiti in establishing a Dominican republic, kicked Spain off of Hispañola peacefully.
• Mormon-based Republic of Deseret established, seceded from northern Mexico.

Constitutional Republic Party

Also called the “Constitution Party,” this new group was made up of mostly conservative members of Congress, including any that felt the executive branch held too much power. They called for the return of several powers to Congress, as well as ending the suspension of Habeas Corpus Nationwide.

[Direct Context]

[Lore Compendium]

National Party Ticket

James Alexander Hamilton (National - Moderate)

President of the United States since 1845, Speaker from 1843-1845, Congressman from NY from 1813-1845 (Political Centralist, Economic Centralist, Anti-Slavery, Anti-immigration, Aged 60)

Running Mate:

James Turner Morehead

Vice President of the United States since 1845, Senator from KY from 1833-1845, Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky from 1832-1833 (Economic Centralist, Anti-Slavery, Aged 51)

This marks this first election since 1792 in which the candidate was running unopposed. As such, most of the questions ahead of the game are about how the administration will handle various issues that came up during and after the Anglo-American War.

What to do About Spain?

State of Haiti and Hispañola in 1848

Since 1846, the Haitian Civil War had been put on pause as the Spanish intervened and consolidated power on the eastern half of the island and the Dominican rebels. This was in clear violation of the Sergeant Doctrine and an opportunistic move by the Kingdom of Spain when the United States was at her lowest. Now that the Treaty of Montreal has been ratified, Haiti has been demanding the US Government step in and do something. President Hamilton and Congress both are uninterested with another outright war, so the following options were made by Congress for potential approval.

Option #1

Spain leaves the island by September 1, 1849, pays $0.25 Million in reparations to Haiti, with no regard for the Dominican rebels (they rightfully are Haiti's issue)

Option #2

Spain leaves the island by September 1, 1849, pays $0.25 Million in reparations to Haiti, and the United States works with Haiti to establish an independent Dominican republic.

With both options, a threat to have the Spanish on the island and on Puerto Rico be blockaded by the US Navy.

What to do About Florida?

Seward-Douglas Plan

Proposed by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas and New York Senator William Seward, this plan proposes that western and southern Florida be given to the Seminole in the form of an autonomous territory similar to Upper Canada. Georgia would annex the counties around Jacksonville, and the rest of Florida would be allowed to become a state for southern freedmen to congregate and live in. While this transition will, of course, take time. This plan is supported by many liberals. Although Senator Seward has co-sponsored this bill, many of his radical peers have not followed him through with this.

Buchanan-Fillmore Plan

Proposed by Congressman James Buchanan and Congressman Millard Fillmore, this plan would allow the Seminole in western and southern Florida to be given status as an autonomous territory similar to Upper Canada. The rest of Florida will be allowed to rejoin the Union with only 25% loyalty stipulations after 1850 (rather than 40% after 1855). This plan is preferred by many southerners and conservative northerners.

Dayton-Hamlin Plan

Proposed by New Jersey Senator William Dayton and Maine Senator Hannibal Hamlin, this plan would have Georgia annex the northern ⅕ of Flordia, while the Seminole are given status as an autonomous territory similar to Upper Canada in the rest of Florida. This would eliminate Florida as a state, and does not create a unique state for the newly freed black people from the 3 traitor-states to settle instead. This plan is supported by most radicals, including northern freedmen like Frederick Douglass; although worries abound of the dangers of attempting a normalization of relations between freed slaves and their former masters.

What to do About Texas?

Texas has been in severe debt for some time now, ever since Mirabeau Lamar fought a second war with Mexico and built up the Texan Military. They are doing their best to pay off their debts, but need outside help, or face collapse. When the Patriot War broke out, Texas had declared neutrality and opposition to the seceding states in exchange for a reconsideration on the question of annexation. Ambassador Charles Francis Adams has brought the issue up again to the President and his cabinet, following the Treaty of Montreal. Adams himself is in favor of this, but understands the country needs time to recover following the devastation and shift of responsibility of so much land after the war. He has also gotten the Texan government to agree to pay off all of its foreign debt by itself following any annexation.

State Secretary Clay brings up a possibility of instead lending Texas money to pay off its other debts, although the United States itself is already in massive debt following the war. What's to be done about Texas?

Option #1

Lend Texas money with the intention of being lenient on collecting returns, Texas needs to remain sovereign.

Option #2

Put Texas on an annexation timeline of 5 years, no sooner than January 1, 1854, but no later than 1855. The kinks can be worked out later.

Option #3

Put Texas on an annexation timeline of 10 years, no sooner than January 1, 1859, but no later than 1860. The kinks can be worked out later.

What to do About Liberia?

Liberia is more-or-less an Unofficial American colony in Africa, set up by the American Colonization Society, in an effort to separate freedmen from whites during the 1820s; an idea that became outdated partway into the 1830s. Still, the colony had been growing steadily since its inception. With the conclusion of the Anglo-American War, Liberia has presented the American government a declaration of independence. How should the administration respond?

Option #1

Respect the wishes of the Liberians, and allow a peaceful separation. Plus, this will help our standing with Haiti.

Option #2

Offer instead for Liberia to become an autonomous territory, similar to Upper Canada. Make their land claims more official, and better protect them from European interference.

[Vote Here!]

[Lore Compendium]

James Alexander Hamilton

11th President of the United States since March 4, 1845

Cabinet

Vice President:	James T. Morehead
Secretary of State:	Henry Clay
Secretary of the Treasury:	Levi Woodbury
Secretary of War:	John Spencer
Attorney General:	Louis McLane
Secretary of the Navy:	David Henshaw
Secretary of Infrastructure:	Reuben Walworth

Election Results

Presidential - 194 Needed

James Hamilton (Federalist) - 229/386 EVs and 57.18% of the PV

• Delaware (3)
• Pennsylvania (34)
• New Jersey (9)
• Connecticut (9)
• Massachusetts (19)
• New Hampshire (7)
• New York (48)
• Rhode Island (4)
• Vermont (7)
• Kentucky (17)
• Ohio (20)
• Franklin (13)
• Illinois (11)
• Cuba (22)
• Michigan (6)

Silas Wright (Whig) - 85/386 EVs and 28.46% of the PV

• Maryland (12)
• Virginia (30)
• North Carolina (17)
• Tennessee (18)
• Maine (8)

John Calhoun (Jeffersonian Republican) - 72/386 EVs and 12.18% of the PV

• Georgia (15)
• South Carolina (13)
• Louisiana (9)
• Choctaw (20)
• Missouri (9)
• Florida (3)
• Arkansaw (3)

House

The Federalists ally with the Liberty Party to retain control of the House

Speaker

Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts (Federalist; Speaker since 1845, Congressman from Massachusetts since 1842, 1840-1842)

Senate

The Federalists ally with the Liberty Party to retain control of the Senate

Pro Tempore

John Berrien of Georgia (Federalist; Pro Tempore since 1841, Senator from Georgia since 1835, 1825-1829)

Early Presidency

Delaware votes for Gradual Abolition

Sometime in March of 1845, the new Delaware Legislature voted for a gradual abolition program to take place over the course of 10 years, with financial compensation to slave owners. Delaware is expected to become a fully free state by 1855.

This angered many planter elites across the south, with one Choctaw newspaper saying “the end to our honest way of life is beginning to unravel as we know it.”

Updated Territory Map

1845

Anglo-American War

[How it Started]

How it's Going

Garrisons and militias throughout the country were called to arms between July and August for 9 month tours of service, subject to a 3 month renewal after 6 months. With War Secretary John Spencer and General Winfield Scott, plans were drawn for invasions into New Albion and British North America. While the President had no appetite for annexing the territory, now that war was on the periphery, many within the government began pushing for it.

The Allocation of Forces

General Winfield Scott would be given command of the Army of New England with the goal of invading the region of New Brunswick. Under his command includes notable officers of Robert Lee, Ulysses Grant, and William Harney. By sea, Commodore Matthew Perry would defend logistical shipments in the region and seize British shipping doing the same.

General Zachary Taylor would be given command of the Army of the Hudson with the goal of invasion into Upper Canada through New York, supported by lesser forces from Michigan. Under his command includes notable officers Henry Clay Jr, George McClellan, and Cassius Clay.

General John Frémont would be given command of the Army of Oregon with the goal of invading British outposts in the region, including British Columbia. Commodore Robert Stockton would be tasked with clearing the Pacific Northwest of British navy vessels and support an invasion of the island of Victoria using Marines.

The remainder of navy vessels would be tasked with defending the waters between New York and Cuba.

General Edmund Gaines would be tasked with defending Cuba from British invasion. Under his command would include notable officers such as Carlos de Céspedes, Vincente Gonzalez, and Juan Spotorno.

Early Stages of the War

Eastern Theatre

In October 1845, the city of Saint John in New Brunswick would be placed under siege by General Winfield Scott and Colonel Ulysses Grant. 

In early 1846, American forces would successfully capture the city of Hamilton following a fierce battle. During the battle, Henry Clay Jr would be killed, causing a deep wound in State Secretary Clay.

Western Theatre

General Frémont would lead his forces to capture the settlement at Abbotsford and the greater Fraser Valley by February of 1846, following the capture of several British forts not-yet abandoned after the pull-out of the joint occupation agreement of Oregon. While Frémont himself was far from a military genius, his expertise in mapping the area and experience in leading provided great tools for what the American Army needed out west.

General John Fremont

War Developments throughout 1846

Expanding the tour date, request of more militias

In January, the War Department announced its elongation of the end date from March until September, with a meeting in June to decide another potential extension. While many were upset that their sons, husbands, and fathers would be gone for longer, knowing it was against a powerful enemy to the nation meant everything. On top of that, War Secretary Spencer would send out more requests across the nation for more militias to volunteer their forces for temporary service in the US Army.

Canada Joins the War

An incident would occur in March where 2 British ships would request an opportunity to dock outside of Quebec, the Canadian capital, for repairs. After their request was denied, they decided to forcefully dock anyway, however following a skirmish on the dockyards, the Canadian military was able to capture the British soldiers and sailors and seize the ships for themselves. Following this incident, as well as relative American success so far in the war, President Louis-Joseph Papineau would declare war on the British Empire later that month. While the Canadian military and navy was small, it would undoubtedly help slow the buildup of larger British forces in the area.

Canadian President, Louis-Joseph Papineau

Capture of Important Ports and the Secession Crisis

After the [capture of Norfolk and New Orleans, the states of South Carolina and Choctaw would declare independence with support from the newly-local British naval officers, and begin to send out requests to their neighbors for support.] By July of 1846, President Hamilton issued demands to the seceding states, including Florida, for the immediate cessation of hostilities to the United States Federal Government. When no reply was received, the President ordered Generals Scott and Taylor south, as well as 30k men, to deal with the traitors down south. The northeastern front would be commanded by newly appointed general Robert Lee, and the northern front commanded by newly appointed general George McClellan.

General Robert Lee, 1846

General George McClellan, 1846

By late July, President Hamilton issued a proclamation titled the Declaration of Southern Treachery. In it, he detailed that the planter elites, of the richest and biggest plantations in the deep south, have convinced themselves that their riches were more important to defend than the nation, in its greatest hour. As Congress would meet up again in September, the proclamation also outlined the President's wishes for Congress and the general political landscape before the midterms. First, he called for a “united political front against the enemies of the Constitution”, asked for Congress to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus in states under threat, and for Congress to consider a conscription bill, so that the United States may better defend itself from its current foreign and domestic enemies.

Finally, in early August, after much consideration and deliberation with his cabinet, President Hamilton would, by executive order, suspend Habeas Corpus along rail lines leading to the capital, Philadelphia, and York. This was insanely controversial, with Chief Justice Roger Taney in particular writing that it was a “blatant abuse of power, with no Constitutional backing.” The Hamilton administration, however, would argue the necessity of the act, given the precarious situation the country was in, especially the rebellion in the south.

Battle of Chesapeake Bay

In June of 1846, a large naval force would attempt to take control of the Chesapeake Bay for the shelling of Washington, D.C. American naval forces would stall the British for 6 days, allowing for President Hamilton and Congress to temporarily flee to York in Pennsylvania; as well as time for Matthew Perry to organize a force to come at the British from behind, sinking 4 ships and capturing 6 vessels. 2 others got away. While an American victory, it resulted in the shelling of the Congressional Building, as well as the Executive Mansion. By July, the President pledged to stay in Washington, D.C, while Congress would operate out of York for the remainder of the war.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Failed British landing at Guantanamo Bay

By October, the British would successfully drive away, capture, or destroy many American navy vessels around eastern and southern Cuba, allowing for an invasion of a naval port of growing importance on the island, Guantanamo. Colonel Spotorno and Colonel Céspedes would be the primary officers in charge of defending the bay from capture. While landings were initially successful, hours after day 3 of the battle, came reinforcements from General Gaines. Another wave would be launched the following day, including an hour of bombardment from British ships, which would wound Gaines in his leg. Still, under the command of Céspedes, Gonzalez, and Spotorno, the bay would remain in American hands.

Colonel Carlos de Céspedes

Congress During the War

Using the Alien Enemies Act

By order of President Hamilton, arrests were ordered on “any known or suspected immigrants” who had “spoke ill of the War Effort, or ill of the Federal government.” There was a focus on English, Scottish, and Irish Immigrants (primarily based around New York City and Boston). There were a number of other immigrants arrested under the same auspices, though their numbers are relatively disparate. Many would not see trial for their arrests starting until the waning days of the war.

War Powers Act of 1846

When Congress met up in September of 1846, the first major act to be passed was the War Powers Act, which granted the following:

• Retroactively gave the President the right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus along roads and rail lines leading to the capital for a 4-month period, or until the next meeting of Congress, and only in times of invasion or rebellion.
• Congress, upon meeting again, must approve of the President's usage of the Act, or else all arrested under the name of enforcing said act shall be set free for being arrested under illegal orders.
• A provision in the act granted the executive branch the power to approve and allocate duties regarding the conscription of soldiers into the military for a period of 2-3 years, with Congressional Approval.

Railroad Tax Act of 1846

On all national rail lines, civilian usage would be taxed via ticket prices increasing by 10 cents per person. Revenue would either go into the war effort or into keeping the national debt low.

Congress Suspends Writ of Habeas Corpus in Several States

Upon meeting again, Congress passed bills that suspended Habeas Corpus in the rebelling states (South Carolina, Choctaw, Florida), as well as states currently seeing heavy fighting against rebel forces (Georgia, Tennessee, Arkansaw, Louisiana, and Virginia). There was much outcry over this, especially in Nashville and Little Rock, but it was fully within the Constitutional right of Congress to do so; especially in a situation as dire as this one.

Conscription Act of 1846

Established the Office of Conscription Services under the War Department with the duty of organizing conscription, set a minimum conscription service of 2 years was set for all those called, and made it so enacting of Conscription can only be called upon by Congress. The major act of Congress in 1846 would be enacting Conscription, the first rollout of papers to be issued in December.

Confiscation Act of 1846

Passed in October, the Confiscation Act allowed for the military to seize land and property from rebels and those that aid rebels or invaders. Seizure may be approved at will by a commanding officer of Lieutenant or higher, or by a military governor. Notably, the act would permanently give property rights to the federal government regarding slaves.

Forming of the National Party (September)

Despite calls for canceling the midterm elections, Hamilton was fiercely opposed to this line of action, believing it a slippery slope. He was also concerned over the Constitutionality of it. Instead, he and Federalist Speaker Robert Winthrop proposed a unity-party; to give both the greater public and the British that the United States was more united than ever during these trying times. As such, the National Party was formed.

Constitutionalists

Also referred to as “Traditionalists”, they disapprove of President Hamilton's use of executive power, the war powers act, and the conscription act, believing all to be unconstitutional and only giving authority to the executive branch that it was not intended to have. Nonetheless, they are willing to stand with the President when it comes to defending the country they serve. They are made up of mostly southern Federalists and Whigs loyal to the union. They are mixed on slavery, are against black suffrage, though slightly favor native rights. They favor the destruction of British North America.

Moderates

The Moderates represent most of the Federalist base that President Hamilton came from, mostly concerned with interpreting the Constitution in a way that better allows for winning the war. They are the faction most willing to work with the President regarding this matter. They are against slavery, mixed on black suffrage, and slightly against native rights. They favor the complete destruction of the southern rebels, and the destruction of British North America.

Liberals

Liberals are largely made up of northern Whigs, which oppose the war powers act and conscription act by principle. They definitely will push for a reduction of these powers following the war's conclusion. They also represent the bulk of the current make up of the unity party. They are against slavery, mixed on black suffrage, and slightly favor native rights. They favor the complete annexation of British North America following the war.

Radicals

The Radicals are mostly made up of the Liberty Party, which were against the war to start out with. Quickly, however, they got on board; especially once southern rebels declared secession. Their loyalty to the union is under question by some, but they joined the unity party all the same. They are pushing to allow free black men to serve in the military. They are against slavery, in favor of black suffrage, and slightly favor native rights. They favor the complete destruction of southern rebels by any means necessary.

1846 Midterms

House

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Speaker

Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts (National - Constitutionalist; Speaker since 1845, Congressman from Massachusetts since 1842, 1840-1842)

Senate

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Pro Tempore

WIlliam Seward of New York (National - Radical; Pro Tempore since 1847, Senator from New York since 1841, Governor of New York from 1837-1841)

Congress Unable to Seat Several Elected Members

With Georgia, Arkansaw, and Louisiana under considerable threat from both rebels and the British, many Congressmen and Senators are unable to make it to Congress for several months (or until after the end of the war, for the case of Georgia). William Seward is elected Pro Tempore in the absence of John Berrien as he fights in Georgia. Seward agrees to step down as soon as Berrien is able to make it back to the Senate Chamber.

Closure of the Appalachian Corridor

By late February of 1847, rebel forces captured the last major settlement connecting Tennessee and Georgia. While fighting in the mountains has broken down into guerrilla warfare, the plains and coast of Georgia fight on under Senator John Berrien, whom the President appointed as a General at the Senator's request. Berrien would abandon Atlanta and opt to fight from the forests and plains, living off of the land, starting from April.

John Brown's Posse

During the war, the infamous John Brown and his posse, including several of his children, would set up several bases of operations throughout southern Appalachia to raid nearby plantations and pass information to the federal government through spy channels. Supposedly, Brown is using the trails around Appalachia in order to send freed slaves up the underground railroad.

Advancements in the North (1847)

Fall of Saint John and New Brunswick (March, 1847)

With added pressure from Canada, as well as auxiliary forces provided by the young republic, General Lee would successfully capture the city of Saint John and rapidly seize the rest of the British Colony. General Lee, with aid from Colonel Grant, would begin consolidating control with plans to invade Nova Scotia, and seize Prince Edward Island with the use of Marines.

Fall of Victoria and Vancouver (April, 1847)

With British Columbia crumbling under the pressure of General Frémont, Commodore Robert Stockton would successfully defeat the last of major British naval resistance in the northern Pacific, capturing Vancouver with the use of Marines. Not long after, the rest of the outposts of Victoria island fell or surrendered to the encroaching American military.

Battle of Toronto (August, 1847)

After several months of inaction from General George McClellan, the President would appoint him as the new head of the Office of Conscription, as well as the lead training officer for conscripted soldiers from around the Chesapeake. In his place in the great white north, Colonel Franklin Pierce would be promoted to General with the goal of seizing what was left of British Canada. In August, Pierce would successfully see the capture of Toronto. By the end of the month, former Upper Canadian revolutionary William Lyon Mackenzie would be appointed as the military governor of the region.

General Franklin Pierce

Governor William Lyon Mackenzie

Domestic Issues

Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus Nationwide (March, 1847)

Upon the swearing of the new Congress, with who made it on time to be sworn in, passed with large margins in favor of suspending Habeas Corpus nationwide, at least a treaty with Britain is approved by the Senate. This especially was unpopular, and many saw this as a power grab from the federal government. Even more thought this was an overreaction, especially as the war was, if slowly, turning out in favor of the United States.

New Hampshire Allows Black Men Suffrage (May, 1847)

After much deliberation within the New Hampshire Legislature, an Amendment was added to their constitution to allow free black men the right to vote.

Black Men Allowed to Serve in Segregated Units (September, 1847)

After much pressure from the radicals within Congress, and the popularity of John Brown's Posse in the south (which had recruited a number of freed slaves), Congress conceded in allowing all free black men the right to serve in and be conscripted into the military. With the Army Organization Act, this was made possible. The act also allowed other people of color to serve alongside black soldiers, or in their own units, notably natives.

Southern Theatre (1847)

Battle of Little Rock (August, 1847)

After much struggle, General Taylor pulled off the liberation of Little Rock, Arkansaw from rebel forces. Although the “traitor government” set up there had fled the city, the state would be officially realigned with the federal government.

Siege of Dover (October, 1847)

With the British Navy responsible, Dover, much of Delaware, and Delmarvan Virginia have been cut off from most supplies by a siege of naval vessels and regiments of British troops to the north of the city. As the city remains cut off going into winter, there is little hope of liberation until spring of 1848, or perhaps later. Making a rather controversial decision, it seems as if the Hamilton Administration is directing most supplies and men to fighting in the north and deep south. Congressmen and Senators from Delaware are now cut off from meeting in York.

Battle of Chattanooga (October, 1847)

Rebel forces, supported by a British contingent, were able to beat Colonel Braxton Bragg's force in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Bragg retreated his base of operations back to Nashville. Colonel William Harney is sent to reinforce Tennessee at request of Senator Polk.

Developments since 1848

January

General Taylor advanced into western Choctaw to capture the city of Jackson. Many within the city center clamored as Jefferson Davis, a city council member, and son-in-law to the General, declared Zachary Taylor as a “liberator”. In response, the Choctaw government called for the immediate seizure of Davis’ plantation.

General John Wool, a protégé of General Scott, would organize the recapture of Norfolk, Virginia, and its naval base. After an advance toward the city which led to a siege in October, the British escaped the city in January, causing Wool to walk in and declare the city liberated in a letter to the President. Acting against orders from the federal government, Wool would not organize the recapture of escaped slaves who served alongside the British and did not leave with them. Instead, they were given the right to walk free if they swore loyalty to the United States Constitution, and to not aid or abet the British or rebels further. There was severe outcry from Virginia, and an effort from the governor to undergo slave-capturing efforts on these black men, and the President wrote to Wool that they must be arrested, and offered that instead of being returned to their (mostly Virginian) masters, that they be considered “enemy contraband” instead – that the federal government would treat them much better. From there, Hamilton wrote, they could join Wool's army as logistics slaves, or could be kept from work altogether at Wool's discretion.

March

On March 3rd, General Pierce successfully captured the city of Ottawa, although with heavy casualties due to the cold. By order of President Hamilton, further pushes north were to be halted until June.

By the 17th, New Orleans had been liberated by General Stephen Kearny, driving the British out of port with surprisingly few losses. The British Navy still held dominance over the Caribbean, not allowing trade to resume out of New Orleans, but the city celebrated the sight of the American military nonetheless.

On the 20th, General Lee would, with Canadian regiments bringing up the rear, seize the city of Halifax after months of fierce resistance. This marked the last major city on the east coast of British North America, and would result in the British officially pulling out of the South to protect its remaining lands in the north.

After the major victories throughout the month, the President would issue, on March 30, 1848, the Emancipation Proclamation. It detailed that all captured slaves from the traitorous states of South Carolina, Choctaw, and Florida, as well as slaves captured from the British (rare circumstances, only really seen in Norfolk) to be set free immediately, as well as any and all slaves from the aforementioned traitorous states. This caused quite a stir, especially among the loyal southern states, but the President and his people argued that it was “necessary recompense” for each state's treason.

Rhode Island and Vermont Allow Black Men Suffrage (April-May)

As word of the Emancipation Proclamation made its way throughout the country, this pressured the Legislatures of Rhode Island and Vermont to become the final New England states to allow freedmen the right to vote.

End of the Anglo-American War

British Surrender (May, 1848)

After important British losses a few months prior, and the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation, Queen Victoria offered to surrender British North America for American Occupation in exchange for fair treatment of British prisoners of war (including many Irishmen, natives, and black men recruited into their army) until a treaty and prisoner exchange could be negotiated at a different date.

Food shortages in the British Isles, as well as a growing chartist movement was fueling protests across the United Kingdom, and it was expected that a proper treaty would have to wait until the Crown could lick its wounds.

End of the Rebellion (August, 1848)

After Mobile, Columbia, and Charleston fell between April and June, pockets of resistance continued for quite some time. The Seminole tribes, who had declared neutrality at the beginning of the rebellion, had risen up and quickly overpowered the rebel leadership in Florida. By August, the final major rebel cells had either dispersed or surrendered to parties led by generals Scott, Taylor, and Wool.

Treaty of Montreal (September, 1848)

Delegations of the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada met in Montreal to finalize negotiations and the aftermath of the war.

For Canada:

• The rest of Lower Canada, as well as territory reaching into the Hudson bay will be ceded to Canada.
• Canada will receive £0.5 Million in reparations.

For America:

• The rest of the territory of British North America, including the colony of New Albion, will be ceded to the United States.
• America will receive £2.5 Million in reparations.

General:

• All POWs will be returned to their mother country.
• All native tribes that supported the British will be treated with respect, with exception to designated criminals.
• All British Government and Corporate Assets will remain untouched and will be allowed scavenging and removal until January 1, 1850.
• Trade will resume as normalized in the Havana Accord (American System).

Map of the United States, 1848

Map of States, Territories, and Occupied Regions, 1848

Casualties

United States:

170,000 Killed, Wounded, Or Missing

British + Traitors:

145,000 Killed, Wounded, Or Missing

Beginning Reconstruction

Establishment of Occupied Governments

In the Atlantic Territory, Colonel Ulysses Grant would be appointed as the military governor; and in Oregon, General John Frémont. Both were given the directive to treat the local populace well and to prepare them for eventual statehood.

The treasonous states would be placed under a completely military-occupied government for the time being, and as rebel-associated cells were to be hunted down. Choctaw would be placed under General Zachary Taylor, who was hailed as a hero in Jackson. South Carolina's governor would be offered to Head of the Army, General Winfield Scott, General John Wool, and General Robert Lee, but would ultimately be assigned to General George McClellan. Florida's governor would be recommended as General John Wood by General Scott. Florida was so low in population, however, that much of western Florida would be freely governed by the Seminole instead (with the blessing of Generals Wool and Scott, and pressure from Congressman John Quincy Adams).

Primary Plan

Choctaw and South Carolina governments and people were deemed to be the primary usurpers of Constitutional Law. Thus, all governmental leaders that had either voted in favor of the raising of arms against the federal government in time of war, or those who otherwise aided the rebels or the British during the war, would be barred from holding elected offices again. This also applies to the rebel-exile governments of Arkansaw, Louisiana, and Georgia.

All militia, or otherwise designated military leaders that took up arms against the United States are to be barred from further service in the military, as well as a temporary hold on militia service for 5 years.

Each state was not to be considered for readmission until January 1, 1855, and had to have no less than 40% of its citizens swear loyalty to the Constitution.

Florida was deemed too insignificant, but much of the same principles applied on a smaller or lesser scale.

Federal Territory Reorganization Act of 1848

Passed with mainly Upper Canada in mind, the FTRA added a classification of “Territory” that allowed for the region a higher governmental autonomy. This was mainly to allow an expansion of governmental duties in Upper Canada and allow for elections to a “Territorial Legislature”; to better prepare the region for integration into the United States as another state.

Fate of King, Calhoun, and Others

William Rufus King, the Senator who led Choctaw into rebellion, got yellow fever while in Florida and died.

John C. Calhoun, as Charleston was under attack, was already sick. He died while under pressure to flee the city with other leadership, on his front porch.

Both men were rumored to have been poisoned, or took poison to avoid capture, but little evidence of such was found.

President Hamilton to run Unopposed

With the war and rebellion won and mostly dealt with, many have given the Anglo-American War new names, such as “The Second Revolutionary War”, and “The Patriot War”.

With the United States having more than doubled in size, and the most devastating war in the nation's history having been won, President Hamilton is coasting to a second term. That's a forgone conclusion. However, many have questions as to how Reconstruction of the south will be done? How soon will the newly acquired territory in the north be turned into states, if at all? The Texas question is back on the table now, and Spain had recently broken the Sergeant Doctrine by invading Hispañola. What does the President have in mind for this new world, where the British have a new hegemonic rival in the Americas?

States Admitted

• Iowa and Wisconsin in November, 1848 (too late to participate in the 1848 Presidential election)

Supreme Court Appointments

• Samuel Nelson to replace Joseph Story (1845)

National Debt

Increased by $3.21 Billion to $3.667 Billion since 1844

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[Series Hub]

President James Hamilton

President of the United States since 1845

House

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Speaker

Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts (Federalist; Speaker since 1845, Congressman from Massachusetts since 1842, 1840-1842)

Senate

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Pro Tempore

John Berrien of Georgia (Federalist; Pro Tempore since 1841, Senator from Georgia since 1835, 1825-1829)

Major Laws

• War Powers Act of 1846 (Gave the President the right to temporarily suspend Habeas Corpus; allows the executive branch to allocate duties for conscripting soldiers for 2-3 years at a time with Congressional Approval.)
• Railroad Tax Act of 1846 (All civilian use of railroads shall be taxed an additional 10 cents per ticket.)
• Selective Suspension of Habeas Corpus (Congress Suspended Habeas Corpus throughout the deep south, including secessionist and loyalist states.)
• Conscription Act of 1846 (Established the Office of Conscription Services under the War Department. Gave Congress the right to enact conscription, and set a minimum conscripted service length of 2 years.)
• Confiscation Act of 1846 (Allowed and encouraged the federal seizure of property from those aiding invaders or rebels. Notably, slaves. Slaves captured by the federal government would be put to work in logistics and repair services.)

Major Events

• Start of the Anglo-American War (August, 1845)
• Canada Joins American side of the War (January-February, 1846)
• Southern Rebellion (April-July, 1846)
• Shelling of Washington (June, 1846)
• Congress flees to York, Pennsylvania (June, 1846)
• Declaration of Southern Treachery (July, 1846)

National Party - Unity Ticket

With war against a great power and rebellion sparking in the south, major players of all parties got together to form a unity ticket, united with the goal of winning the war and preserving the union. 4 factions emerged as quickly as the unity party was formed:

Constitutionalists

Also referred to as “Traditionalists”, they disapprove of President Hamilton's use of executive power, the war powers act, and the conscription act, believing all to be unconstitutional and only giving authority to the executive branch that it was not intended to have. Nonetheless, they are willing to stand with the President when it comes to defending the country they serve. They are made up of mostly southern Federalists and Whigs loyal to the union. They are mixed on slavery, are against black suffrage, though slightly favor native rights. They favor the destruction of British North America.

Moderates

The Moderates represent most of the Federalist base that President Hamilton came from, mostly concerned with interpreting the Constitution in a way that better allows for winning the war. They are the faction most willing to work with the President regarding this matter. They are against slavery, mixed on black suffrage, and slightly against native rights. They favor the complete destruction of the southern rebels, and the destruction of British North America.

Liberals

Liberals are largely made up of northern Whigs, which oppose the war powers act and conscription act by principle. They definitely will push for a reduction of these powers following the war's conclusion. They also represent the bulk of the current make up of the unity party. They are against slavery, mixed on black suffrage, and slightly favor native rights. They favor the complete annexation of British North America following the war.

Radicals

The Radicals are mostly made up of the Liberty Party, which were against the war to start out with. Quickly, however, they got on board; especially once southern rebels declared secession. Their loyalty to the union is under question by some, but they joined the unity party all the same. They are pushing to allow free black men to serve in the military. They are against slavery, in favor of black suffrage, and slightly favor native rights. They favor the complete destruction of southern rebels by any means necessary.

Unionist Party - Loyal Opposition

Made up of mostly traditionalists and conservatives who opposed a one-party election, the Unionist Party is not too dissimilar from the Constitutionalist faction of the National Party. Generally, while they agree that the secessionist states are traitors to the Constitution, they strongly disagree with the federal Government's handling of the conflict. The Unionists are pushing for a quick end to the war with Britain, and a return to normalcy after the war, as well as a stripping of executive power. They slightly favor slavery, are against black suffrage, and are against native rights. They don't want to waste time on the British, and instead punish their fellow, though traitorous, southerners.

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In April, the British navy would successfully capture the naval base at Norfolk, Virginia. Senator John C. Calhoun and other southern leaders would express concern to each other, and meet in Charleston to discuss what to do. In early May, Calhoun would draft a letter to be given to the officer in charge of the occupation of Norfolk. The letter would arrive by May 8, 1846, with the following details:

• The British land and naval forces would recognize the independence of South Carolina, and any other state that chose to declare independence from the United States.
• South Carolina and associated states will provide food and safe passage through its land, and in exchange, the British will provide South Carolina and associated states with arms and ammunition.
• South Carolina and associated states will join the war against the United States in exchange for preferential trade deals with the British Crown. The United Kingdom would respect the foreign policy decision of the seceding states after the war.

Calhoun and others of the planter class expressed great concern over their states being led to bankruptcy during the war, or perhaps ravaged by an ill-prepared United States leading the region to war against a world power. By the 12th, the proposal was met with a temporary agreement that shall last until further word is given from the Crown. Later that week, New Orleans would be captured, leading to a similar situation from Choctaw. On May 15 and 21, both South Carolina and Choctaw seceded respectively. Senator Calhoun would be the de facto leader of the newly independent South Carolina, and Senator William Rufus King would be the de facto leader of his newly independent state.

Both leaders planned to establish a new union in the southern region of the United States that catered more to the interest of their states, the planter elites, and other slave owners. As such, other states were petitioned by Choctaw and South Carolina to follow their lead. Texas was also contacted to enter the war against the United States.

Texas

President Anson Jones

The Republic of Texas would receive a proposal from both South Carolina and Choctaw by mid June. The states claimed to be forming a “Confederacy” to fight against the tyranny of the United States against farmers and the way of slavery. This was greatly discussed within the Presidential cabinet of Jones, although was greatly influenced by American Ambassador Charles Francis Adams, who was able to convince President Jones to not only not join the war, but to denounce the secessionist movement with promises to advocate for Texan admission into the United States after the war.

Akansaw

Arkansaw is still a young state but one that is deeply entrenched in the practice of slavery. With the United States having not elected a pro-slavery President since 1809, and the war doing a number on the southern economy, Choctaw sent a delegation to convince the young state to join in their secession and establish a “Southern Confederacy” free from northern tyranny.

Advocates against this within the Arkansaw Legislature argue that the state's proximity to northern-loyal states such as Kentucky and Missouri threaten the economic safety of the state more than the war against the British. They also argue that they worry that the economic strength of a southern confederacy sounds shaky at best without other states joining first, like Georgia, or Virginia.

Georgia

Pro Tempore of the US Senate, Senator John Berrien

Georgia was an obvious pick for South Carolina and Choctaw to pressure into joining the secessionist movement, given it would connect the two states by land. Georgia is home to the second biggest economic heartland and rail hub of Atlanta, and could provide enough support to the other secessionist states logistically and economically as trade is slowly set up again. Georgia has a large planter base too, that could threaten or lobby the Georgia government in favor of secession from another anti-south United States government. However, a large Federalist base is in portions of Atlanta, and could be trouble.

Federalist Senator John Berrien steps in, attempting to convince the state Legislature against secession. “Secession, amidst the current predicament the American nation finds itself in, is tantamount to treason of the highest order. The great state of Georgia ratified the Constitution of the United States and its several amendments. Our forefathers knew the risks and fortunes when making these decisions.” He would say on the Legislature floor. “I hope when the time comes, we decide not to spit on the actions of our forefathers, for their risks have proven to be an economic boon to our state. We host an economic and logistical centre, and are blessed with fertile soil, with which we may grow our many crops. [...] It is soon time in this chamber to decide where [Georgia] shall stand. As a Senator elected by many of you, and your official representative to the United States Congress, I say we are part of no northern nation, nor southern. We are not a nation of Georgians, nor part of a dixie nation. We are a nation of Americans.”

Florida

Florida, like Arkansaw, is sparsely populated. However, many of its settlers are small slave owners and native tribes that hold ill will toward the establishment parties. Perhaps, the secessionists think, that could be taken advantage of. The Floridian government sets up a popular vote in favor of secession, and the native tribes, specifically those associated with the Seminole, are promised land rights and favorable treaties in exchange for helping with rebelling against the United States. The popular vote wins out, although many native groups declare neutrality. Some small ones, however, promise to support the southern union.

North Carolina

The northern neighbor to the first state to secede, North Carolina finds itself in a weird middle ground. It's a state with deep roots in slavery and southern culture, however the ownership of slaves has begun to dwindle over the past decade. Supporters of secession argue that keeping the port city of Wilmington out of British hands is of utmost importance to keeping the economy alive. Although the Appalachian mountains are home to many anti-secessionists, and many others are wary of supporting secession during a time of war with a foreign power. North Carolina scheduled a popular vote to be held on June 8.

Tennessee

Tennessee was home to many slave owners and elite planters in the western half of the state, but the eastern half was full of anti-secessionists. Notably, Congressman James Polk would argue before the Tennessean Legislature that considering secession during a time like this was a risky move, and that the option should be reconsidered following the war's conclusion.

Louisiana

Despite the occupation of New Orleans, Louisiana was in a risky situation. With the much bigger state of Choctaw to the east, and the potential of Arkansaw in the north seceding, the people of Louisiana felt the need to secede too, especially now that the population and economic hub of the state was captured by the British. Federal representatives would push against Louisianan secession, arguing that holding the Mississippi River was vastly important to keeping the rebellion under control, although keeping the river was under question at all if Arkansaw also seceded.

Virginia

After the capture of Norfolk, South Carolina sent a delegation to Richmond, the largest industrial and logistical hub in the south, to convince the commonwealth to join a new southern union. Joining would allow the British to hand back the lands around Norfolk, and to be stationed out of Norfolk for the remainder of the war (with promises to pull out by then). Getting Virginia on the side of the south would force the north into a deeper hole, and would help guarantee the future of the south free from northern rule. However, many Virginians, especially those in Richmond and from the mountains fiercely argued against any sort of secession. Further, former President William Harrison, a born Virginian, would travel to the state following news of the secession crisis, and argue before crowds in Richmond that secession from the United States is comparable to that of treason, especially that Britain has killed many Virginians already. Why make a deal with the British loyalists now?

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Since the reelection of the Federalist Party and James Hamilton coming to power, it was believed war with Britain may be avoided after all. However, with reports from the Pacific Northwest from Colonel William Harney that bands of natives and others carrying the British flag seized an American settlement in the Oregon Country. After taking back the settlement, Massacreing the natives, and capturing the British leadership that had not fled, Harney would report back to Washington, D.C. with news of the series of events, and that he is building up local forces in preparation for an attack into British Columbia, if given permission from the federal government.

Colonel William S. Harney

Upon hearing of this news, President Hamilton was supposedly furious.

“I was elected with the intention of cooling relations between the United States and the British Crown. It shall be noted, that while I am unsure of the reasoning behind the attack on the United States and her people, that I, President of these United States, shall seek necessary retribution for this unabashed aggression from a Crown a world away.”

- President James Alexander Hamilton, in a letter released to the public following rumors of battle in the distant northwestern territory.

President James A. Hamilton

Although General Winfield Scott pleaded with the President to allow 15 weeks for an investigation, and a meeting with the British Ambassador in the meantime, the President would not, or could not listen. Thus, on August 21, 1845, Congress would declare war on the United Kingdom: beginning the British-American War.

The President immediately called for Winfield Scott, as head of the Army, War Secretary Spencer, Naval Secretary Henshaw, and State Secretary Clay to a joint meeting. There, initial battle plans were to be discussed, as well as how to handle the war on the domestic front and in regards to other nations. In particular, General Scott insisted on the removal of Colonel Harney from the Oregon Country, and requested he be placed on the east coast.

Despite the loss of the Whigs in the Presidential election, Congress was filled with more Whigs than anticipated, who began to push publicly for the annexation of British North America following the conclusion of the war.

[Direct Context]

[Lore Hub]

James Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)

Speaker of the House since 1843, Congressman from New York since 1813 (Political Centralist, Economic Centralist, Anti-Slavery, Anti-immigration, Aged 56)

As tensions over slavery and with Britain ramp up, the Federalist nominee is a bulwark against slavery. The young son of the founding father, James Alexander Hamilton isn't an outright abolitionist, but has historically fought to limit the power of slaveholders, and his aim in Congress has been to see the gradual abolition of the practice. In 1842 and 1843, he led the compromise with the Liberty Party that had him elected as Speaker of the House, and plans to continue to work with them if elected President. As such, the Liberty Party opted for a soft endorsement of Hamilton's ticket, but continues to run their own Congressional candidates.

The Speaker is against provoking war with Britain, although is in favor of continuing the policy of increasing the size of the navy instituted under President Harrison. He also wishes to normalize relations with Mexico, and wishes to invite them to the Havana Accords, and wishes to expand the American System further into South America with Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. When it comes to the Civil War in Haiti, Hamilton wishes to mediate a peace between the Haitian Government and the Dominican Rebels.

As the national debt stands at $93 Million, Hamilton spends a lot of his campaign on methods to lower to debt. Along with continuing to encourage land sales out west, he wishes to increase prices for the existing nationally-owned railroads, as well as establish permanent tolls on national roads. This is already a contentious part of his platform, given that the federal government already charges an additional poll tax on all federal elections.

Running Mate:

James Turner Morehead

Senator from Kentucky since 1833, Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky from 1832-1833, Member of the KY House of Representatives from 1828-1831 (Economic Centralist, Anti-Slavery, Aged 47)

James T. Morehead's experience in the Senate could very well make him an excellent head of the same house of Congress, his ability to plan and connect with his fellow Federalists could also make him an excellent liaison between the President and Congress. Chosen to represent the western moderate Federalists, and a protégé of Henry Clay, Senator Morehead helps unite the party under the ticket better than originally thought so far, with his more moderate approach to his anti-slavery, as well as his moderate views on executive power, contrast to Congressman Hamilton's more liberal anti-slavery views and his more centralist doctrine on executive authority. His relative youth compared to Hamilton's is also noteworthy.

Coming out of a successful 2-term Federalist Presidency under William Harrison, the party runs on the line of continuing the successes of Harrison (such as the American System, supporting anti-European separatist movements in the new world, and keeping the nation united); while expanding on efforts to tackle the national debt, as well as seek to calm down tensions with Britain. Many Federalist pamphlets are handed out across the nation, with many calling the Federalists the “Common Sense Party,” in reference to how national crises got Burr elected in 1812, Harrison elected in 1836, and will get Hamilton elected in 1844. Pamphlets specific to New York City are handed out, with questions posed to voters such as “Congressman Hamilton was raised by an immigrant. Can you say the same about Governor Wright?” To little positive effect.

Silas Wright Jr (Whig)

Governor of New York since 1841, Senator from New York from 1833-1840, Comptroller of New York from 1829-1833 (Political Centralist, Economic Decentralist, Staunch Populist, Anti-Slavery, Aged 49)

Attempting to restore the image of the Whigs by emulating the ideas of Martin van Buren, Governor Silas Wright of New York aims to convince anti-Federalist Libertans as well as moderate Republicans to support his campaign, including through promising to avoid war with Britain and resuming trade with Texas. He runs on amending the Federal Elections Suffrage Act of 1841 to get rid of the added federal poll tax, and further runs on the classic Whig policy of reducing federal corruption, aiming to base it off of the anti-corruption reforms conducted under Fellow Whig, Postmaster General Louis McClane.

Wright wishes to expand the American System across both continents, but adds that trade would not be a focus of his Presidency. On reducing the national debt, Wright is in favor of increasing the prices of western land. He also has mentioned on the campaign trail his support for mediating peace talks in the Haitian Civil War.

As the [Dallas Doctrine] would become part of the Whig Party platform, Wright felt pressured to follow through despite his general disagreement, and joined in on campaigning for repealing the Cuban Compromise, and advocating for a law to establish popular sovereignty over slavery nationwide.

Running Mate:

James Buchanan

Congressman from Pennsylvania since 1839, from 1821-1831, Ambassador to Texas from 1836-1837, Senator from Pennsylvania from 1834-1836 (Political Decentralist, Economic Decentralist, Staunch Populist, Pro-immigration, Aged 53)

Congressman James Buchanan campaigns heavily in his native Pennsylvania, as well as New York in order to reach the immigrant voters there; spreading the Whig platform of populism and immigration reform. There are many rumors of Governor Silas Wright finding Buchanan rather “repulsive,” however. Despite this, Buchanan seems to be making headway in Philadelphia and New York City. His experience in Congress and foreign policy experience could very well make him an excellent President of the Senate, as well as advisor to the President himself. Despite Wright wishing to put more focus on domestic issues, foreign tensions may be too high to ignore entirely; so Buchanan having some experience in the field could be crucial.

Coming out of another Federalist Presidency under William Harrison, the Whigs are leveraging everything they have to conjure the early history of the nation - specifically, the reputation of Alexander Hamilton, the father of Federalist opponent James Hamilton. Many campaign pamphlets on “The Instability of A. Ham,” and “We stopped the Hamilton Dynasty in 1804, We can stop it again in 1844.” The party is also conducting massive operations in New York and Pennsylvania. Notably, Whig-aligned newspapers have been showing the divide between the Federalist and Liberty Parties; and how they don't have each other's interests at heart. Further, in Georgia and Cuba, the Party is working to convince voters that the Republican Party only has the interest of the planter elites, and the Whigs is the true populist party.

TRIGGER WARNING: RACISM

John C. Calhoun (Jeffersonian Republican)

Senator from South Carolina since 1832, Congressman from South Carolina from 1811-1827(Political Decentralist, Economic Decentralist, Pro-Slavery, Anti-Native, Anti-immigration, Aged 62)

Fighting for the planter class has never been harder as the national attitude toward emancipation and even equal rights shifts against them. The last of the great triumvirate with any electoral credibility is up next to tackle how underrepresented southern elites and slaveowners are in the federal government. Senator John Calhoun campaigns on restoring the “purity” of the nation, and that the Compromise of 1841 was an “unconstitutional, divisive, destructive deal” made by the British elites. Calhoun claims southern interests have gone unrepresented for so long, and that both Federalists and Whigs are complicit in dividing the country.

He opposes war with Britain, and favors Texan annexation, as well as expansion into Mexico and the Caribbean. In order to reduce the debt, Calhoun wishes to end the federal funding of Infrastructure, as well as abolish the Department of Infrastructure.

Running Mate:

Lewis Cass

Ambassador to France from 1836-1837, Governor of the Michigan Territory from 1813-1836, Member of the Ohio House from 1806-1807 (From Michigan, Political and Economic Decentralist, Anti-Native, Aged 62)

Mostly on the ticket for his history of states rights advocacy, Lewis Cass remains a Whig despite accepting the nomination for Republican Vice President. He supports the Whig Dallas Doctrine, and is strongly in favor of fulfilling manifest destiny, including the annexation of Texas.

The Republicans run a campaign throughout the south focused on “Keeping the wannabe African, James A. Hamilton, and his colleague, the feckless Silas Wright” from taking office. They spread word of the dangers of what the Federalists have stood for, and how they are supporting slave rebellion by aligning with the Liberty Party. Many are against war with Britain, and says that the Whiggish desire for war would destroy the southern economy.

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