It was common that the British soldiers who were deployed into a hotter climate region wore a thick cloth until the 1890s.
So, did they just wear and did not express any greviance?
It is quite odd that the field officers had to wear a tie.
The Jacket of the Service Dress was designed as an open neck jacket to increase the mobility and the comfort, but still forced to wear a tie.
So, why was wearing a tie essential?
Was it purely for a fashion and making difference from the non-officers?
Requiring to wear a tie for the non-combatant officers is understandable.
However, for the field officers, it was not an ideal choice, wasn't it?
Was this still comfortable and many offciers did not have any greviance?
As far as I know, this tie rule for the field officers lasted until WW2.
about 100 years ago on the Hejaz Railway in present-day Saudi Arabia still lies abandoned in the middle of the desert to this day.
The Hejaz Railway was one of the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious infrastructure projects, built between 1900 and 1908 to connect Damascus with Medina. I
ts primary purpose was to make it easier for Muslim pilgrims to travel to the holy cities, but it also served as a vital strategic asset, allowing the Ottoman government to maintain control over its distant Arab territories and rapidly move troops and supplies.
When World War I and the Arab Revolt broke out in 1916, the railway became a major target for the Arab rebels, who were supported by Britain. Rather than attempting to capture heavily defended towns, the rebels focused on sabotaging the railway by blowing up tracks and bridges and ambushing trains, crippling one of the Ottoman Empire's most important logistical lifelines.
The United Kingdom conducted its first successful nuclear weapon test, Operation Hurricane, on 3 October 1952 at the Monte Bello Islands off the coast of Western Australia. The test made Britain the third country in the world, after the United States and the Soviet Union, to successfully detonate a nuclear weapon. Unlike later atmospheric tests, the bomb was detonated inside the hull of the frigate HMS Plym, anchored in a lagoon, to study the effects of a nuclear explosion on a ship and a harbor. The device was an implosion-type plutonium fission bomb, similar in principle to the plutonium bomb used at Nagasaki in 1945.
It had an explosive yield of approximately 25 kilotons of TNT, making it slightly more powerful than the 21-kiloton "Fat Man" bomb. The explosion completely vaporized HMS Plym, created a large mushroom cloud rising to around 3,000 meters (10,000 feet), and left a crater on the seabed beneath the ship.
Operation Hurricane marked Britain's entry into the nuclear age and demonstrated that the country could independently design and build atomic weapons despite losing access to American nuclear technology after the Second World War. The success of the test laid the foundation for Britain's later development of more advanced nuclear weapons, including thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs tested during Operation Grapple in 1957–1958.
Located in Francis Street, Williamsburg, Virginia (the original building burned down, but it was rebuilt and now operates as a museum), it was chartered in 1770 and admitted its first patient on October 12, 1773; however, it remained racially segregated until 1967.
It pioneered the implementation of moral treatment in the 19th century, a humanitarian method that encouraged daily routines, exercise, and contact with nature.
It is important to note that the Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond in Philadelphia, also began treating the mentally ill in 1756. However, the Virginia facility was the first in the entire colonial territory built exclusively for psychiatric care.
Never knew how Queen Victoria managed to get a child and grandchild in EVERY royal family of Europe, unreal dominance
Map from https://histiphy.com/family-trees/queen-victoria-european-family
On July 12, 1878, the British flag was officially raised in Nicosia, marking the beginning of the British Colonial rule of Cyprus. Lieutenant General Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley became the first governor, High Commissioner of Cyprus, and was welcomed with a speech by Archbishop Sophronius III of Cyprus.
The 82-year period (1878–1960) of modern Cypriot history during which Cyprus was under British rule. Great Britain had designs on Cyprus dating back at least to the early decades of the 19th century. The island’s strategic geographical location, combined with Great Britain’s interests in the Eastern Mediterranean and on the route leading to India (a British possession) and to North and East Africa, as well as fears of a possible Russian advance into the Mediterranean, dictated the need for effective control of the island of Cyprus. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano, and the creation of a powerful Bulgaria, led to the convening of the Congress of Berlin, in June–July 1878, which revised the Treaty of San Stefano. At the Congress of Berlin, it was officially announced (July 9, 1878) that the Sublime Porte and the British Empire had signed a “defense agreement” in Constantinople on June 4, 1878. Under the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire ceded Cyprus to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to be held and administered by it. The British Empire peacefully occupied Cyprus. The island’s inhabitants were not consulted.
According to the general estimates, the number of volunteers in 1912–1913 ranged from 1,500 to 1,800, at the very least.
(Newspapers of the time estimated the number of volunteers at 3,000, which was likely an exaggeration.) In the book titled “Cyprus and the Balkan Wars: A Contribution to the History of Cypriot Volunteerism,” published in 1997 by the Center for Scientific Research in Nicosia, we have recorded the full names of 776 volunteers. (Since then, we have compiled a further 100 or so names of volunteers.) The list includes people of all ages, professions, and social classes, but farmers stand out prominently, many of whom rushed to enlist while wearing traditional Cypriot breeches (κυπριακές βράκες). In terms of origin, it is clear that the majority came from the Limassol district. As for age, most were between 18 and 22 years old. According to the findings of research, a total of 55 Cypriot volunteers were killed in the two wars: most of them lost their lives in the bloody Greco-Bulgarian War on the battlefields of Macedonia and in southern Bulgaria. The following list includes the names of 42 Cypriot volunteers for whom sufficient information has been found regarding their origins, activities, or deaths.
LIST OF CYPRIOT VOLUNTEERS WHO FELL IN THE WARS OF 1912–1913:
Alexandrou, Alfred. From Agios Dometios. Killed in action (or died of meningitis) in Goumenissa, Kilkis, in February 1913.
Antoniadis, G. Panagiotis. A Cypriot from Egypt, engineer. Killed in Aetorrachi, Epirus, on January 7, 1913.
Arseniou (Ttofas) Christoforos. From Karava. Killed in the Battle of Tzoumagia in July 1913, at the age of 22.
Georgiadis Dimitrios. From Pallouriotissa (?). He belonged to the Korakas guerrilla unit. He was killed in Epirus.
Dimitriou Savvas. Farmer from Limassol.
Efstathiou Kyriakos. From Agridaki, Kyrenia. Killed in a Greek-Bulgarian clash in Paggaio (or in Tzoumaya).
Michael Efstathiou. From Agridaki, Kyrenia, brother of the previous volunteer. Killed in Bizani.
Iliasides Natar Konstantinos. From Famagusta. Corporal in the 2nd Evzone Battalion. Fatally wounded in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Kellakiotis or Karamallis K. Ioannis. From Kellaki, Limassol; a store clerk. Killed in action at the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.
Koilaniotis–Michaelides N. Konstantinos. Born in 1892 in Koilani, Limassol. Teacher, graduate of the Pancyprian Teachers’ College, first-year law student. He fought at Bizani, where he was promoted to sergeant. He was killed in the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.
Kochalidis (or Koralidis) A. Georgios. From Limassol (?). A Garibaldian in the corps of Al. Roma. He was killed at Drisko on November 29, 1912.
Krokatsis Georgios. From Gerolakko. He left his village and enlisted as a volunteer one week before his wedding. He fought in both wars. He was wounded in the Battle of Kilkis.
He passed away in his hometown a few days after his return, in November 1913.
Kyriakos Kyriakidis. From Apsios, Limassol. He served in the 20th Infantry Regiment of the 7th Division. He was killed on April 27, 1913, during the first Greek-Bulgarian clashes in Pangaio.
Loizou Avgoustis. From Arsos, Limassol. Married with one child. He died on August 5, 1913, after being seriously wounded in the Battle of Demir Isar.
Maouris G. Nikolaos. Carpenter from Karava. He was killed at the age of 24 in June 1913 during the Battle of Kilkis.
Mappas S. Euripides. From Limassol. A store clerk and graduate of the Limassol Junior High School. His last letter was sent from Preveza. He died in a hospital from an illness.
Mavrokordatos G. Christoforos. From Dikomo. He was initially assigned as a medic but succeeded in securing a transfer to a combat unit and fought at Bizani and in Northern Epirus. He contracted an incurable disease and was discharged from the army. He passed away at the age of 25 in October 1914. He was buried by his fellow villagers with the honors due a hero.
Meneikos (or Menoikou) Anastasios. From Leonarissos. A Garibaldian in the corps of Alexander Roma. He was killed in Drisko on November 28, 1912.
Michael Christakis. From Limassol.
Mousis (Palotitis) Charalambos. From Palodia, Limassol. Soldier in the 20th Infantry Regiment. Killed in the Greco-Bulgarian War.
Oikonomidis Vasileios. From Famagusta, resident of Piraeus. A Garibaldian in the corps of Alexander Roma. He was abandoned, wounded, to the Turks at Greveniti in Epirus on December 24, 1912, and was killed.
Papadopoulos S. Georgios. Captain, graduate of the Military Academy, of Cypriot descent. Born in 1871 in Messolonghi. He served in the 1st Evzone Regiment of the 6th Division.
He was killed at Demir-Isar on June 27, 1913.
Papadopoulos, Th. Eleftherios. From Kontea. He was wounded in the Battle of Sarantaporos at the start of the war and died in a hospital in Athens.
Papastamatiou Dimitrios. From Pallouriotissa (?). He was a member of the Korakas guerrilla unit. He was killed in Epirus.
Pountoukos Chr. Heracles. From Kellaki, Limassol. He was killed in the Second Balkan War.
Ioannis Spyrou. Limassol.
Stavrinou Frantzeskos. Porter from Limassol. Killed in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Stivaros M. Michael. From Pedoula. Second-year medical student. He served in the 1st Battalion of the Independent Cretan Regiment. Killed in action at Bizani on December 5, 1912.
Syrichas K. Sotirios. Limassol.
Sozos Christodoulos. From Limassol. Lawyer, Mayor of Limassol, member of the Executive Council, former member of parliament for Limassol–Paphos (1901–1911). Married, father of one child. Soldier in the first battalion of the First Regiment of the Second Division. Killed on the Prophet Elias hill, in Bizani, on December 6, 1912, at the age of 40.
Tzortzis (or Koutsou) H. Kyriakos. From Ora. Soldier in the 20th Regiment. Killed on April 26, 1913, during a Greek-Bulgarian clash in Pangeo.
Triantafyllidis Neophytos. From Tembria. He went missing during the Second Balkan War.
Frantzeskou Nikiforos (or Nikolaos). From Rizokarpaso. He died of meningitis in a hospital in Thessaloniki on March 23, 1913.
Charalambous Miltiadis. From Tsada, Paphos.
Charalambous Michael. From Kato Dry.
Hatzantoniou Antonios. Died on January 28, 1913, in a hospital in Corfu.
Hatzargyrou (Fessas) D. Petros.
From Inia, Paphos. A student of physics and mathematics at the University of Athens. He served in the 1st Battalion of the Independent Cretan Regiment. He was killed in Aetorrachi, Bizani, on December 5, 1912.
Hatzitheodosi H. Kostis. From Paphos.
Hatzichrysostomos Ioannis. Died on March 13, 1913, in a hospital in Corfu.
Christou, Vasileios. Cook from Limassol. He served in the 9th Evzone Battalion. He was killed in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Christodoulou, T. Ioannis. “Ironworker” from Larnaca. Reserve non-commissioned officer, with prior service in the Evzone Palace Guard. Sergeant in the 3rd Evzone Battalion of the 10th Division. One of the first volunteers, he took part in the wars starting with the Battle of Sarantaporos. He was killed on the last day of the war, in the Battle of Tzoumaya, on the night of July 16–17, 1913.
Kyriakos Christodoulou. A member of the Workers’ Party. He was killed in the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.
'Ye Mariners of England' (1801) by Thomas Campbell.
This is the text from Arthur Quiller-Couch's Oxford Book of English Verse typed with a manual typewriter.