



Sword & Sorcery Precursor: Meriamun from The World's Desire, by H. Rider Haggard and Andrew Lang (1890).
The book's title refers to Helen of Troy, but Meriamun is the antagonist and a true S&S precursor. While not as famous as Ayesha in Haggard's She, Meriamun has elements that later appear in Howard's characters like Salome (A Witch Shall Be Born), Akivasha (The Hour of the Dragon), and Tascela (Red Nails). The whole package is already in place: wandering warrior hero → ancient kingdom → beautiful queen → black magic → tombs and necromancy → murderous sexual rivalry → magical impersonation → serpent familiar/demon → offer of a throne → doomed erotic union → fiery supernatural climax. Haggard was one of Howard's favorite writers, but I'm not making the claim that Howard was specifically influence by this title. Rather, that eroticized, exotic "Eastern" sorceresses were in the air and largely imported intact from late 19th century literature into Howard's fiction. The World's Desire is available free online and worth checking out.