انا لا ديني بس من خلفية علوية عمري بالعشرينات وما حفظت الدستور حرفيا الشيخ تبعي حكالي هيك

كان لازم تودعو 15 مرة قبل ما تسافر

السلام عليكم

أعرف أن هذا الصب للادينين ولكن أنا مضطر أنشر عندكم لأن الأساسي صاير بس سياسة فأتمنى بكل تواضع تقبلوا

المهم أنا من سوريا من حلب قررت أبدأ بصناعة محتوى ولكن هاد اول فيديو إلي وأول مرة برسم حتى

فالموضوع والله مو ترويج للقناة بس بدي ملاحظاتكم واقتراحاتكم وحتى المصادر ما حطيتها لأن الفيديو تجريبي

هذا فيديو اختباري. محتوى القناة يسهل فهم العلوم بالنسبة للسوريين على وجه الخصوص، وبالنسبة للناس بشكل عام

الفيديو عن الموسيقا تعريفها وكم شغلة تانية بأسلوب فكاهي وتبسيط للعلوم يعني متل الدحيح ولكن للسوريين وباللهجة السورية

https://youtu.be/nKlri78dutQ?si=6RTxF9Rj1MAvnsUm

اكتبوا آراءكم كسوريين واقتراحاتكم بشأن التعديلات، وكيف تقيمون الفيديو من 1 إلى 10؛ فالفيديو بأكمله تم رسمه يدويًا.

شكرا لكم جميعا.

According to a hadith from bukhari, muhammad tells us that there has been no prophet sent by Allah, except that he herded sheep.

> Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Allah did not send any prophet but shepherded sheep." His companions asked him, "Did you do the same?" The Prophet (ﷺ) replied, "Yes, I used to shepherd the sheep of the people of Mecca for some Qirats."

https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2262

NOTE:: There seems to be a translation error here as it says "did not send any prophet but shepherded sheep". It should say "did not send any prophet but he shepherded sheep"

This narration is also found in sunan ibn majah 2149 and al bayqahi 11641. One of the narrators in the ibn majah hadith adds that muhammad got one qirat for every sheep

In this hadith, the word translated as "shepherded" is رَعَى, which means "herding" or "shepherding" something in this context, mostly cattle.

https://imgur.com/a/t17uYqa

The word translated as sheep is الْغَنَمَ, which means sheep according to lanes lexicon and lisan al arab

https://imgur.com/a/FpyXhTB

Lisan al arab says:

> غنم: الــغَنَم: الشاء لا واحد له من لفظه، وقد ثَنَّوْه فقالوا غنَمــانِ؛ > > "Ghanam (sheep): Al-Ghanam refers to sheep (ash-shā’); it has no singular form from its own word structure. However, they have dualized it and said ghanamān (two sheep)."

https://imgur.com/a/20TYTYs

According to almaany.com:

> غَنَم ( اسم ) :- ضَأن (وماعِز) > - sheep (and goats); sheep; grass-eating animal > - a male sheep; lamb

According to Al mujam al Wasit: > > (الغَنم): القطيع من المعز والضأن (لا واحد له من لفظه) (ج) أغنام وغنوم > "(Al-ghanam): the flock of goats and sheep. It has no singular form from its wording. (Plurals): aghnām and ghunūm."

According to Al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ

> "الغَنَمُ، مُحرَّكةً: الشاءُ، لا واحِدَ لها من لَفْظِها، الواحِدَةُ: شاةٌ، وهو اسْمٌ > > "Al-Ghanam (the sheep), when in motion: refers to the sheep; it has no singular form in its pronunciation. The singular form is: Sha'ah (a sheep), and it is a noun."

While the meanings of these words are obvious, i have added the definitions so no one can say "it means something else"

---

Onto the interpretation of the hadith:

The prophet says that Allah has not sent any prophet but he herded sheep. Someone can say that the prophet is talking about the spiritual role of anbiya as shepherds, in the same way that jesus says in John 10;11:

> "I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep."

However, the very next sentence makes this interpretation invalid. The companions ask him whether the prophet also did the same. The prophet replies that yes, he used to shepherd the sheeps of the people of Mecca for some QIrats. Meaning the "shepherding of sheep" is the literal herding of actual sheep, not a metaphorical one. This is obvious from the fact that Muhammad actually shepherded the sheeps of the meccans and got money for it. And the question of the sahabas "did u do the same" makes it clear that this is the same shepherding all the other prophets also did.

This meaning is held by scholars as well.

- Ibn Hajar al Asqallani:

Ibn hajr understood this to be a literal reference to actual sheep herding in his sharh of this hadith (fath al bari 4/441):

> The wisdom in inspiring the prophets to herd sheep before prophethood is that they would thereby practice what they would be charged with in managing the affairs of their nations. > And because in associating with the sheep is what cultivates for them forbearance and compassion: > For if they are patient with herding them and gathering them after they scatter in the pasture, and transferring them from one pasture to another, and warding off enemies from them like beasts and others like thieves, and learning their differing natures and how scattered they become despite their weakness and their need for constant attention — they become accustomed to patience with the Ummah

Meaning the shepherding of the sheep is literal, and that they herded actual sheep.

> And sheep were especially singled out for this because they are weaker than other animals, and because their scattering is greater than that of camels and cattle, since camels and cattle can be restrained with ropes, whereas sheep generally cannot.

Meaning its actually sheep and not other animals like camels, cattle etc.

- Allama Ayni:

Allama ayni said in umdat al qari 12/80:

> If you ask: When did this herding occur in the Prophet’s ﷺ life? > (I say:) It is known from the examination of the words of Ibn Isḥāq and al-Wāqidī that it was when he and his uncle were around twenty years old. > ..... > If you ask: What is the reason for specifying sheep? > (I say:) Because they are weaker than other animals, more quickly responsive, and are from the animals of Paradise. > ...... > It also includes following his brethren among the Prophets who also herded sheep. > In a ḥadīth narrated by al-Nasāʾī, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: > Mūsā was sent while he was a shepherd of sheep, and Dāwūd was sent while he was a shepherd of sheep. > Upon both of them and upon him be Allah’s constant prayers and peace — forever and always.

As he compares the herding with the actual sheep herding from muhammads life, and also mentions the physical sheep herding of actual prophets, it means allama ayni also thinks this hadith is talking about physical sheep herding and its not a metaphor.

- Al Suyuti:

Imam Jalal ad din al Suyuti wrote in At-Tawshīḥ Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ 4/1601:

> “Allah did not send any prophet except that he herded sheep.” > The wisdom in that is: So that they gain practice through herding them for what they will later be tasked with — taking charge of their own communities (flocks).

Meaning he thinks the prophet did actually shepherd animals. The "them" here can only refer back to the "ghanam" of the part he is quoting, meaning prophets shepherded sheep/goats.

- Al Qastallani:

Al qastallani says the same in his sharh:

> And the wisdom in inspiring them — may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon them —__ to tend sheep before prophethood__, is so that they gain practice through it for what they will be tasked with in leading their nations.

Same as above, the prophets actually physically tended to sheep.

> And because in mixing with them (sheep) there is an increase in forbearance and compassion, since they (the shepherds) are patient over the hardship of herding, and protect them from fierce beasts and thieving hands, > > and they learn the differing temperaments of the sheep and the variance of their minds, and recognize their weakness and need to be moved from pasture to pasture, and from grazing ground to shelter, > > so they show kindness to the weak among them and take good care of them — it is thus a preparation for introducing them to the governance of their peoples. And sheep were specified because they are weaker than other animals.

Again, he is clear that its actually sheep and not any other animal

> And in the Prophet ﷺ mentioning this — after it is known that he is the noblest of Allah’s creation — is an example of humility and an open acknowledgment of Allah’s favor upon him.

- Zakarriya al Ansari:

Shaykh al-Islām Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī mentions in his sharh called Tuḥfat al-Bārī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (vol 6/ pg 9):

> (And you?) – This is without the interrogative Hamza, meaning "And you, did you also herd the sheep?" (He said: "Yes, I used to herd them on Qarārīṭ," where Qirāṭ here is a part of a Dinar or Dirham, or it is said to be a name of a place in Makkah (my note: this latter opinion was declared weak by ibn hajr as there is no place in makkah called qararit). The wisdom behind their herding of sheep before prophethood was to practice herding, which involved the difficulty of managing it, to prepare them for the tasks they would be entrusted with in guiding their nations.

Meaning the herding is literal.

> Sheep are specifically mentioned because they are weaker than other animals. And in mentioning this, despite his knowledge that he is the most honored of creation, it is an expression of humility and a statement of the favor of Allah upon him.

Meaning the herding is of sheep in specific. It might include other animals as well, but not without sheep.

Thus from this we can conclude that according to muhammad, all prophets were actual shepherds and actually herded sheep.

---

So whats the problem here? The problem lies in several quranic verses which tell us that every nation and people got a messenger.

A prophet is sent to all nations:

> Surah An Nahl (16:36) > وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِي كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولًا أن ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱجْتَنِبُوا۟ ٱلطَّاغُوتَ ۖ > > "And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger [proclaiming], 'Worship Allah and avoid Taghut (false gods).'"

Surah Fatir (35:24) > ...وَإِن مِّنْ أُمَّةٍ إِلَّا خَلَا فِيهَا نَذِيرٌۭ > > "...And there was never a nation but that a warner had passed among them."

Surah Nahl (10:47)

> وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍۢ رَّسُولٌۭ ۖ فَإِذَا جَآء رسولهم قُضِىَ بَيْنَهُم بِٱلْقِسْطِ وَهُمْ لَا يُظلَمُونَ > And for every community there is a messenger. After their messenger has come, judgment is passed on them in all fairness, and they are not wronged.

The word used in these verses is "ummah" (أمة). It doesnt mean a nation like a fully formed monarchy etc., rather it means a "community" of people with the same purpose.

Lanes lexicon gives the following definition:

> A nation; a people; a race; a tribe, distinct body, or family; (Lth, T, M, Ḳ;) of mankind; (Lth, T;) or of any living beings; as alsoأُمٌّ↓: (M, Ḳ:) a collective body [of men or other living beings]; (T, Ṣ;) a sing. word with a pl. meaning: (Akh, Ṣ:) a kind, genus, or generical class, (T, Ṣ, M, Ḳ,) by itself, (T,) of any animals, or living beings, (T, Ṣ, M, TA,) others than the sons of Adam, (T,) as of dogs, (T, Ṣ, M,) and of other beasts, and of birds; (T, M,* TA;) as alsoأُمٌّ↓; (M, Ḳ;) pl. of the former أُمَمٌ; (Ṣ, M;) which occurs in a trad. as relating to dogs; (Ṣ;) and in the Ḳur vi. 38, as relating to beasts and birds. (T, M,* TA.)

Al-Tahānawī writes in Kashshāf Iṣṭilāḥāt al-Funūn wa-l-ʿUlūm

> "Al-Ummah (الأمّة): > [In English] Nation, community > [In French] Nation, communauté > > With ḍammah (the 'u' vowel): it means a group of any species. > For this reason, they said: al-ummah refers to a group united by a common factor — whether religion, time, place, or something else.

The same is for almaany.com as well.

We can see from other verses and ahadith that ummah simply means community, such as 6:38 which says all living creatures are ummahs, and sunan ibn majah 3205 that calls dogs one of the "ummahs".

Regarding these verses (16:36, 35:24), ibn kathir says:

> To every nation - that is, to every generation, to every community of people - He sent a Messenger. All of the Messengers called their people to worship Allah (Alone) as well as forbidding them from worshipping anything or anybody except for Him.

According to tafsir as sadi

> Allah informs us that His proof has been established upon all nations, and that there has never been any nation, whether preceding or following, except that Allah has sent a messenger to them. All of them were in agreement on one call and one religion: the worship of Allah alone, without any partners.

Tafsir al Tabari says:

> "and there is no nation but that there has passed within it a warner" — meaning, there has never been a nation from the nations that followed a particular religion, except that there was a warner among them before you, warning them of Allah's punishment for their disbelief. > > As narrated by Bishr, he said: Yazid narrated to us, he said: Sa'id narrated to us from Qatadah: > "And there is no nation but that there has passed within it a warner" — every nation had a prophet.

Tafsir al Qurtubi says:

> And there is no nation but that there has passed within it a warner" — meaning, there has never been a nation except that a prophet was sent to warn them before you. > > Regarding Ibn Jureij's statement: > He said: "Except for the Arabs."

As arabs are pointed out as the only exception here, it means every other nation got a prophet according to al Qurtubi.

Thus every nation and people (the chinese, indians, anglo-saxans, native americans, aboriginals, mayans etc.) got a prophet. And all of these prophets herded sheep

Here comes the main problem: Sheeps are not native to many parts of the world. Many parts of the world like australia, never had sheeps before the colonizers brought them in the 1700s.

In the americas while some sheep were present (in alaska and along the west coast down to the north of mexico. Sheep werent present in the middle parts of mexico or the rest of south america), they were never domesticated. For someone to herd sheeps, it requires that sheeps be domesticated first.

Beginning of sheep domestication:

Sheeps were first domesticated near the fertile crescent, thousands of miles away from the americas or australia

Ensminger writes about the origin of domestic sheep:

> It is certain that domestic sheep came from the wild sheep of Europe and Asia. Although there are considerable differences in appearance between domestic sheep and their wild ancestors, such as tail length, coat color and type, and horn shape, most of these changes occurred very early in the domestication process............ > > Domestic sheep are thought to descend mainly from the mouflons, Ovis musimon and Ovis orientalis. The Asiatic urial (Ovis vignei) may possibly be an ancestor of domestic sheep, but the difference in chromosome number makes any direct ancestry questionable.............................. > > There are two wild stocks of the mouflon: (1) the Asiatic mouflon (O. orientalis), a wild sheep still found in Asia Minor and southern Iran; and (2) the European mouflon (O. musimon), which is native to Europe and still found in Sardinia and Corsica.

https://imgur.com/a/KL8qhzN

Sue weaver talks about the origin of domestic sheep in her book "Sheep", Pg 12:

> "Sheep were already out in the world. Domestic sheep had reached parts of Europe by 5000 BC, having been carried west by intrepid Neolithic farmers. (Sheep remains have been recovered from a Swiss New Stone Age dig circa 2000 BC.) Swedish farmers began raising northern short-tailed sheep between 4000 and 3000 BC. Between 1000 BC and AD 1, Persians, Greeks, and Romans labored to develop new and better sheep. > > When Columbus embarked on his second voyage, in 1493, he packed along Spanish Churra sheep. He left some in Cuba and more in Santo Domingo. Their descendants trailed Cortez and his conquistadors as they pillaged their way across the New World."

A paper from nature says:

> Before becoming established worldwide, sheep and goats were domesticated in the fertile crescent 10,500 years before present (YBP) where their wild relatives remain.

A paper published in "Molecular biology and evolution" says:

> Sheep was one of the first domesticated animals in Neolithic West Eurasia. The zooarchaeological record suggests that domestication first took place in Southwest Asia....... > > Sheep, among the first such herded livestock species, were domesticated in southwest Asia c. 10,000 to 8,000 Before the Common Era (BCE) (Zeder 2008; Vigne 2011). Domestic sheep were eventually transported across the globe by humans, some becoming feral as in the case of the European Mouflon

https://imgur.com/a/3L9dI76

Thus its evident that the start of sheep domestication began around the near east roughly 10-12000 years ago. However, humans have been living in these areas for thousands of years before, with estimates at around 80,000 Bc for the oldest evidence of homo sapiens. (see here, here and here ). Meaning there would have been several tens of thousands of years where there were no domesticated sheep present, and thus any prophet send during this time would not have been a shephard.

Additionally, nations like australia are completely isolated from eurasia, and thus there is no feasable way for these domesticated sheep to get to australia without semi modern sea faring techniques.

We can learn from several sources that sheep (along with several other animals) only first entered australia after western contact in the 1780s.

A australian government educational site puts the history of sheep in australia as follows:

> The first sheep arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788. They were fat-tailed sheep used for their meat. But they were not well suited to the Australian environment and did not produce good-quality wool. > > In 1797 Captain Henry Waterhouse and Lieutenant William Kent__ brought the first flock of 26 merino sheep to Australia.__

The national museum of Australia, another .gov site, says:

> The first sheep in Australia arrived with the First Fleet in 1788. There were 29 fat-tailed sheep listed on the fleet’s manifest, collected from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. Intended as a source of meat, they were not well suited to the Australian environment and, like the Indian sheep that were later imported, did not produce good quality wool.

according to wildlife tourism australia:

> Australia’s mammalian wildlife is very different from the rest of the world. There are no native hoofed animals, monkeys, cats or bears (and no truly native dogs, although the dingo has apparently been here for at least 3000 years), half of our mammals are marsupials, and we are t]he only continent with all three of the sub-classes of mammals.

National Archives of Australia, another government website says:

> Sheep are not native to Australia—they were brought to Australia in 1788 by the First Fleet to provide food for the new colony

Although not the most reputable source, wikipedia says:

> Since human settlement, many placental mammals have been introduced to Australia and are now feral. The first was the dingo; fossil evidence suggests that people from the north brought the dingo to Australia about 5000 years ago.[10] When Europeans settled Australia they intentionally released many species into the wild, including the red fox, brown hare, and the European rabbit. Other domestic species have escaped and over time have produced wild populations, including the cat, fallow deer, rusa deer, chital, domestic horse, donkey, pig, domestic goat, water buffalo, and dromedary. Only three species of Australia's non-indigenous placental mammals were not deliberately introduced: the house mouse, black rat and brown rat.

Michael Pearson writes in his book "Pastoral Australia: Fortunes, Failures and Hard Yakka", pg 3:

> __The first sheep to arrive on Australian soil with the First Fleet in 1788 __were not the Merinos we know today, but ‘Cape’ sheep acquired at the Cape of Good Hope. About 70 of these odd-looking fat-tailed sheep were landed in Sydney, but few survived.

An article from science says this about the current breeds of sheep in australia:

> From the founding flock onwards, sheep have played a key role in the development of colonial Australia > ......................... > Initially, livestock imported to Australia were viewed as a meat supply, and by the early 1800 s there were several different sheep breeds in Australia intended for the primary production of mutton > These included the hairy Ronderib Afrikaner or fat-tailed Cape sheep (imported 1788 from Cape of Good Hope), the Bengal (1793 from Bangladesh), as well as British shortwool and longwool breeds; the Southdown and Teeswater (imported 1790 s), respectively. > Throughout the 1800–1840 s, more British sheep breeds were imported into the initial mutton flocks, however these were known more for their wool quality, including the English Leicester (imported 1838) and the Lincoln (imported to Tasmania 1830 s and mainland 1860 s) > The most well-known wool breed in Australia however is the Merino, being first imported to Australia in 1797 from South Africa

P.J Jarman, A.K Lee and L.S. Hall write in "fauna of australia":

> "Almost all of the domestic stock brought to Australia established feral populations, with the exception of sheep."

Meaning sheeps were part of the domestic stock which got introduced to australia, and which was not present beforehand, like rabbits, buffalos, goats etc. The link to the article is here

https://imgur.com/a/mg2r1oL

Ian parsonson writes in his book "The Australian Ark: A history of domesticated animals in Australia" that the first sheep to be brought to australia were brought in 1787.

> The First Fleet sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787, and made a relatively uneventful voyage to Rio de Janeiro and thence to the Cape of Good Hope. During the stopover at the Cape final preparations for the voyage to Botany Bay were made, including the last collections of plant cuttings, seeds, and finally purchases animals. **In this manner the first exotic ruminants, horses, swine, birds, rabbits and other species to reach the colony of New Holland were chosen. ** > At the Cape of Good Hope on 12 November 1787 the loading of animals was completed. According to David Collins,6 referring to the official purchases “1 bull, 1 bull-calf, 7 cows, 1 stallion, 3 mares and 3 colts together with as great a number of rams, ewes, goats, boars and breeding sows as room could be provided for loaded”.

https://imgur.com/a/iYm7NdX

From these several government and academic sources, we can see that there were no sheep present in australia before 1787. The australians only domesticated a few animals like the dingo.

This means that any prophet who were send to the aboriginals literally could not have herded sheep, as they werent even present in australia. The aboriginals themselves entered australia atleast 50-65000 years ago (according to this, this and this )far before the domestication of sheep.

Sheeps in the americas?

While the americas are different from australia in the way that there were sheep present, they are still a problem for this hadith. The sheep in the americas were never domesticated; native americans only had a few animals like llamas and alpacas which they had domesticated. Additonally, while sheep were present in north america, south america did not have sheep. The furthest extent was down towards the northernmost parts of mexico, the rest of south america did not have sheep.

Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World -D.L. Johnson ,B.K. Swartz, Jr., Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana

> There were seven domesticated animals kept in the New World before European discovery....[The dog, "llama", guinea pig, turkey, Muscovy duck, stingless bee, and the cochineal insect comprise the list of known Pre Columbian, New World animal domesticates.]

The goat and the sheep are suspiciously absent....

Animal Domestication in South America -Peter W. Stahl

> Native Americans domesticated comparatively few indigenous animals, in contrast to the many animals that were genetically and behaviorally modified from their wild ancestors through captive controlled breeding in the Old World. New World animal domesticates included only two large birds (the turkey in North America and muscovy duck, Cairina moschata, from Mexico south into South America), a medium-sized rodent (guinea pig, Cavia porcellus), and two camelids (llama, Lama glama, and alpaca, Vicugna pacos).

Again, the sheep is not part of the few domesticated animals.

The colombian exchange

-J.R McNeill, Jared Dease

> The Columbian Exchange also brought horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and other species to the Americas. Before Columbus, American Indian societies in the Andes Mountains had domesticated llamas and alpacas, but no other animals weighing more than 45 kg (100 lbs). None of the other twenty-three large mammal species present in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus were suitable for domestication. In contrast, Eurasia had seventy-two large animal species, of which thirteen were suitable for domestication. The main domesticated animals of the pre-Colombian Americas, aside from llamas and alpacas, were dogs, turkeys, and guinea pigs.

Christopher Carr explains why sheep werent domesticated in his lengthy paper "Why Didn't the American Indians Domesticate Sheep?"

> One of the striking differences between the Neolithic Revolutions in the Old and New Worlds is in the degree to which animal domestication occurred. While in western Eurasia, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and horses all played important roles in the change to Neolithic ways of life,** in North and Middle America, the domesticated animals were apparently limited to the dog and turkey, both of which were secondary in importance to plant domestication in this life change.**

> The distribution of wild sheep does not now reach and never has reached the Mexican centers of plant domestication and early sedentism. Ovis canadensis, the American bighorn sheep. ranges south only into central Sonora, Chihuahua. and Coahuila, the northernmost of the states of Mexico

> Why didn't prehistoric man domesticate sheep in North America as he did in the Near East? In part, the answer may be found in the different ecological habits and biological processes of the Asiatic moufton and the American bighorn. In part, it may be found in the different geographical distributions of sheep in relationship to the areas of origins of agriculture and sedentism. In part, it may be found in the relative ease with which a shift to management of wild resources, as opposed to other options, could have been made in times of economic pressure.

He also explains how the wild sheep never went past the northernmost states of mexico

From this we can conclude that sheep were never domesticated by the native americans. They did use to hunt sheep (see here and here ), but sheep were never domesticated. However, for someone to herd sheep, it is required that sheeps first get domesticated and bred. This was not the case in northern america, and certainly not in southern america below mexico. Thus no prophet sent here could have been a shepherd

Beginning of Goat domestication:

A criticism might be levied that thus far i have only focused on sheep, whereas the definition of ghanam also includes goats. What if australia and the americas had goats? To which i will say that the definition of ghanam is "sheep and goats [and both togethor]". It doesnt refer to just one, but both togethor. Thus if sheep were not present, ghanam could not have been present as sheep are included in it.

Either way, lets grant that perhaps the prophet was talking about goats. That does not change anything, as goats too face the same problems as sheep i.e. their domestication started tens of thousands of years after the beginning of our species, and their absence and lack of domestication in australia and the americas.

We can learn from several sources that goat domestication began roughly around the time as sheep domestication.

A research from GSE says:

> Goats are among the “big five” livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens) recognized by the FAO [1] and are considered as the first to have been domesticated. Domestication occurred around 10,000 years ago (YBP year before present) in Southwest Asia, with at least four distinct domestication events [2], which all involved the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) as wild ancestor.

A paper from nature says:

> Goat domestication occurred in the Fertile Cresent from 9,900 to 10,500 YBP. The Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus) is thought to be the only living wild progenitor of the goat

A research published by PNAS says:

> The archaeological evidence traces goat domestication as far back as ca. 10,500 calibrated Before Present (cal. B.P.) in the high Euphrates valleys, in Southeastern Anatolia ) and 9900 to 9500 cal. B.P. in the Zagros mountains

A paper at Science says:

> Initial goat domestication is documented in the highlands of western Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago

David R. Harris says in his book "The Origins And Spread Of Agriculture And Pastoralism In Eurasia", pg 208 that:

> The earliest strong evidence for goat management in Southwest Asia comes from levels dated to 7000 BC at Ganj Dareh in western Iran (cf. Legge and Hole in Chs 13 and 14 in this volume).

Thus we once again fall into the same problem as before; if goats were only first domesticated 10,000 years agp (7-8k BC), and humans have been here for much longer, the prophets sent to these pre-goat humans could not have herded them.

Goats in Australia?

A peer reviewed paper from veterinary parasitology says:

> Goats are not native to Australia; they first arrived with European settlers first in 1788 to provide a source of milk and meat. Numerous other introductions occurred thereafter and before long feral goat populations became established (Rolls, 1969)

According to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, a .gov site;

> Goats first arrived in the Australian landscape with the first fleet in 1788. They were small and easy to transport, hardy and ate a range of plants - as well as providing milk and meat for the early years of a growing colony.

Agriculture victoria, a government site related to asutralian agriculture, says:

> Feral goats have been present in Australia since early European settlement. Wild populations have become established because of accidental escape or deliberate release of various breeds of domestic goats. Early populations were initially concentrated near settlement areas, but they have since spread across 35% of Australia and occur on many offshore islands. > > Goats were introduced to many areas by early settlers, miners and railway construction gangs for meat and milk. > > Cashmere and Angora goats were also introduced to Australia in the mid-1800s for the fibre industry

A paper on the history of feral goats by the DSEWPC, Govt. of Australia says:

> Goats arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788. As they were small and hardy, ate a range of plants and provided milk and meat, they were convenient livestock for early European settlers. During the 19th century, sailors released goats onto islands and some areas of the mainland for emergency food

A paper written by C.P. Groves for The fauna of Australia says:

> The present feral populations are all descended from 19th Century escapees from domestic stock........... > > Sheep (Ovis aries) (Merino breed) were brought to Sydney district in 1779 from the Cape of Good Hope......... > > The Goat (Capra hircus) was introduced early in the 19th Century and herds supplemented in the mid-19th Century by Angora and Cashmere stock introduced by acclimatisation societies.

The paper further says: > "There is, of course, no fossil record of Bovidae in Australia."

While previously clarifying that goats and cattle are part of the famoly bovidae (which includes all "cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes cattle, bison, buffalo, antelopes, sheep and goats" according to wiki

One can also look at the above cited page from The australian ark, which mentions that goats and other cattle were only first brought to australia with western ships.

Thus there is no doubt about the fact that goats were not native to australia.

Goats in the americas?

Several of the sources which related to sheep, also relate to goats. Which point out that goats were not part of the domesticated animals in the new world. Some also says that goat domestication, with sheep domestication, only began with the colombian exchange.

A research from the GSE says:

> Goats reached the Americas and Oceania approximately during the 15th and 18th century of the common era (CE), respectively, along with European migrations

A paper published in nature says:

> Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins........ > ....... > Goat domestication occurred in the Fertile Cresent4 from 9,900 to 10,500 YBP. The Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus) is thought to be the only living wild progenitor of the goat5. Upon domestication, goats accompanied human migration and trade, thereby developing subpopulations and breeds differentiated by various selection factors and genetic drift6. > > During the colonization of the western hemisphere, settlers brought goats potentially from the Iberian Peninsula and west Africa, These populations have become well adapted to low input agricultural environments typically found in northeastern Brazil, west Texas, and southern Argentina (Patagonia)8,9, creating locally adapted breeds.

as for south america, we can turn to Andre Gunder Frank in his books "Mexican agriculture", pg 20 where he says:

> Another commercial commodity produced by the Spanish, particularly in Yucatan and Guatemala, was indigo. The Spaniards also introduced livestock into New Spain — first pigs, and then successively sheep and cattle.

As we can see, the conditions of goats pre-columbus is the same as sheep; they were either not present in the areas or not domesticated

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Conclusion:

Although islamic sources tell us that all prophets herded sheep/goats, and that prophets were sent to all nations, this would be impossible for nations which simply did not have sheep/goats present (like the australians and southern americans) or which never domesticated them (like the north americans).

P1: All prophets herded sheeps and goats.

P2: A prophet was sent to every nation.

P3: There exists at least one nation that had no sheep/goats (Australia)

C1: Therefore, the prophet sent to that nation could not have herded them (from P2 and P3)

C2: Therefore, not all prophets herded sheeps and goats.

C3: Therefore, P1 is false.

C4: Therefore, Muhammad's claim that all prophets herded sheep/goats and that prophets were sent to all nations is logically inconsistent in light of P3

Additonally, the history of homo sapiens extends several tens of thousands of years back, whereas sheep domestication only began in the fertile crescent around 10-12000 years ago. Thus making it impossible for any prophet sent before that time to be a shephard and herd sheep.

What has happened here is that muhammad saw how important sheep were to both him and people around him, and thought that sheep must have been this important to everyone. What he didnt know was that sheep domestication started far later then the birth of our species, and that sheep never got to many nations by the time of muhammad.