Hello everyone, I recently started looking into czech, I find it really interesting and overall easy, as I already know russian and polish grammar and studied general slavic linguistics.

The hardest things right now is pronunciation and listening, as I am studying by myself. I use a physical books, so the explanations about pronuciation are very theoric.

As long it is about palatalized consonants and ř I can understand on the basis of polish, even though my pronunciation will remain a little of I'm fine because I don't aim at high levels rn.

But when we are taking about stress and long vowels I feel lost, if I hear words like její I just hear a stress on the i, and anyway I struggle to pronounce long vowels.

Could you suggest any good video/audio resource that helps with his topic? It can be in english, russian, polish, french or eventually italian

Thank you in advance

È un dubbio che ho ogni volta che ci ho a che fare. Cito ad esempio: In data X TizioCaio parcheggiava la macchina fuori dagli spazi adetti oppure nella denuncia di smarrimento di un documento (dichiarazione scritta da loro) dichiaro che io TizioCaio smarrivo il liberto di circolazione e così via.

Finché erano multe pensavo fosse lo stesso agente mezzo analfabeta (le ho prese tutte nel parcheggio della stazione, dato che ne han chiusa metà per far dei lavori bisogna posteggiare con creatività), poi ieri ho fatto una denuncia di smarrimento documenti e di nuovo ci infilano l'imperfetto, e durante i 50 min di attesa mi son fatto passare ogni murl per la noia, c'erano diverse targhette in memoria di carabinieri caduti in guerra e a parte i difendeva c'erano un sacco di cadeva, moriva.

Insomma, in un sacco di casi in cui in italiano moderno sia parlato che letterario useremmo un tempo finito: ho posteggiato la macchina poi sono sceso, il documento lo ho preso e poi ho fatto altro, non c'è un azione parallela, idem per i caduti in guerra, la frase era sempre difendeva la patira e cadeva in battaglia - è caduto, fine della storia.

Ho iniziato a chiedermi se fosse un registro particolare "militaresco", che va avanti per imitazione di modelli autorevoli, se magari fosse influenzato dalla giurisprudenza che magari lo ha ripreso a sua volta dal latinno, se magari avesse qualche implicazione legale (invento: magari serve per intendere 'l'azione era ancora in corso quando sono intervenute le FdO).

Non sono sicuro che sia il sub giusto, magari c'è qualche agente, o avvocato o filologo romanzo

Hello everyone,

I wanted to ask what are your favorite Polish "corners" of the internet? For example, which subreddits feature the best internet dramas" venting, or AITA-style posts in Polish? Who are the key figures in the Polish "lower" YouTube scene, the top "schizo-vloggers" and the best random influencers? I’ve been learning Polish for about three years - though not very well - and I rarely actually speak, read, or watch anything in the language, aside from occasional memes. I’ve realized that I can't understand overly complex content, so I need to find something simpler, that doesn't require too attention.

In Italian, we call this kind of content "trash", I not sure that in english this word has the same meaning; it doesn't mean it's straight bad, but just that it doesn't even *try* to be sophisticated.

Note to mods: I initially posted in another sub, in polish, but then I thought that this would be a better sub. Initially I crossposted then I remembered that this sub is english only, so I deleted the crosspost and posted this translation, I'm not trying to apam. Also, I used google translate then checked and fixed it, so the text could contain traces of AI, but I assure that I'm 100% human and the initial polish text is written 100% by me.

Dzień dobry, chciałem pytać jakie są waszymi ulubionymi polskimi "kącikami" na internecie?

Np na jakich subach mogę czytać 'internet drama', venting albo jakieś AITA po polsku, kto są głównymi na nizkiej youtube scenie polskej? I schizo-vloggerzy i influencerzy?

Uczyłem się polskiego jakieś 3 lata, chociaż nie bardzo dobrze, a faktyczne nigdy nie ne mówię po polsku, niczego nie czytam i ogłądam, oprócz kilku memów. Zrozumiłem że za skomplikowane treści nijak nie rozumiem, i trzeba znaleźć coś "po prostu". Po włosku te kontenty nazywamy treszowymi (od "trash"), nie znaczy że są niedobrymi a tylko że nawet nie 'chcą' być wyrafinowanymi.

Dziękuję barzo za uwagę, może trzeba pytać tam gdzie czytać będą polacy a nie wy, ale może wy znacie najproste resursy.

PS: My polish is rusty and was never great, any correction of advice in welcome )

Прывет ўсім, разумію што саю новы, але хацеў бы ужо спытаць, хтось можа радзіць дзе слухаць мову онлайн (подкасті, ютуб ітд) без палітычных балбатніх? Я не беларус вучу мовазнаўства, расейскую і польскую мовы, кохаю бел мову, а яшче я не русофоб але ліберал, хачу слухаць пра культуру, гісторыю, літаратуру Беларусі без пастаяннага бязсконцага ныцця "у буу рашка злайа :(".

Вельмі дзякую,

Dzień dobry!

Uczę się języka polskiego na uniwersytecie trzy lata, myślę, że usiągnąłem poziom środni, ale mam trudności z leksyką i rozumieniem ze słuchu. Już starm się czytać po polsku i chciałbym i oglądać filmy i seriale, ale nie mogę znaleźć dobrych sajtów striminga (nawet piratckich) gdzie można oglądać coś ciekawego po polsku.

Wiem, że w Poslce napisy byłi badziej popularne niż dubbing, a dziś jest jakieś platformy z dobrymi filmami/serialami po polsku?

Dziękuję bardzo

Hi everyone, I was thinking about a semi-romanization of persian (like, م become a sort of p, ی > s, etc, no ligatures), and I wanted to try to realize it. I think that the best way to achihve what I have in mind was using a custom font, starting either from latin or arabic.

Using unicode would be impossible as most of ths charcater would be a semplification of perso-arabic letters that don't exist yet.

I found 1) very symple ways to create handwritten latin fonts 2) some more advanced ways that let you "draw" SVGs (I'm absolutely incapable of with a mouse/touchpad

I would like to 1) create SVGs with geometrical tool (that like, let me add straight lines, circles etc) 2) import them in an arabic font, again, no ligatures needed, but right to left orientation is needed. 3) If I could add diacritics it would be great

to give a simple example the closest I can get is:

from می‌روم to pgj sp (j would be dotless, g would look a little bit different)

I'm an absolute beginner, I hope this post doesn't bother the sub

Buongiorno, vorrei chiedere a chi usa reddit da più tempo se ci fosse qualcuno a cui rivolgersi o qualche subreddit in cui poter richiamare l'attenzione riguardo casi di abuso di potere da parte dei moderatori.

Qualche tempo fa ho interagito con un post politico (opinioni legittime e legali, condivise da una buona fetta di persone di tutto lo spettro politico), e di recente il post e una grande parte dei commenti è stata cancellata forzatamente e mi sono ritrovato bannato. Sono sicuro di non esser l'unico, perché io tra l'altro ho aggiunto una battuta e basta, mentre altri ricordo che si fossero espressi più caldamente e nel dettaglio, e tutti i commenti d'accordo con OP sono spariti.

E ripeto, non si parla di negazionismo dell'olocausto, odio razziale e niente di illegale, sarà per alcuni un tema caldo ma si tratta di opinioni che la maggioranza condivide e in molti subreddit sono rappresentate nei post più popolari. Evito di menzionarl qui solo per evitare polemiche inutili sotto questo post.

EDIT: per chiarire, non è nemmeno una posizione tipicamente di destra, giusto per precisare che non va nemmeno contro le correnti di pensiero più diffuse tra gli utenti reddit.

Se c'è una cosa che apprezzavo di reddit italia è che c'è più civiltà e meno tensione che nei subreddit internazionali in inglese, ma a quanto pare qualcuno non era disposto a lasciar esprimere opinioni contrarie alla propria. Di scrivere in quel sub ne faccio pure a meno, ma mi fa molto girare il cazzo che qualcuno usi un subreddit pieno di gente come la propria casetta delle bambole.

Hello, I didn't found a subreddit about the tajik language, I hope that this kind of post is accepted here.

Shortly, I started studying tajik after knowing some basic farsi, but as online there are way less resources about tajik, I have some doubts that I can't clear by myself.

For now it is mostly verbal forms that I found in the first chapters of my manual (Таджикский язык без репетитора. Самоучитель таджикского языка, from Давлат Расул), I also found se typos so I am not even sure thosr forms are right.

First of all, a question about доштан. In literary farsi it doesn't use the mi-/me- "prefix" for the present, it is just man dâram. I read that tajik uses the prefix instead, as in ман медорам, but then I found хоҳиш дорам in that manual, so I checked bot on wiktionary and the TNC (Tajik National Corpus), both list дорам as subjunctive. In this context is it

a) an error

b) A subjunctive/conditional.

c) An old form of indicative still without me-

In italian we use the conditional as a courtesy form, like "I would have a question" instead of "I have a question" but it may be too of a strech to think tajik works in the same way.

Then, in the sentence Бисёр шинос шавем there's again a subjunctive, I guess it can be a courtesy form too.

I just don't understand why those subjunctives are present stem + personal ending, but then I found "бикунед". In literary farsi bekonid would either be imperative of subjunctive present, but I haven't read much this kind of form with bi- in tajik, also it isn't reported on wiktionary 's tables.

Бисёр раҳмат!

Hello! I would like to hear your experiences with closely related languages.

I think that the two main factors here are:

1. similarity, so lets say you studied/know language A, and when studying language B (TL) you already understand part of speech, the meaning of some/most words

2. the fact that most of the time the differences follow certain patterns so in certain cases it is possibile to "guess" a word in TL just knowing the cognate in language A. It absolutely doesn't work everytime as there are false friends or just different lexical choices, but if you know italian and read "harina" in spanish you are going to assume assume it means "farina" 'flour' at first sight.

I studied (/study) russian in university, as a second language I choose polish and it felt like a great choice, learning both at the same time helped as many informations were valid for both languages and I could also understand the evolution fo slavic languages better (I really like historical lingusitics so this is a great help with motivation).

But then I reached a certain level of polish, were doing anything to get better felt like an enormous burden. I feel like that I got to that point easily knowing russian, and while with russian I had motivation to keep going, with polish I really struggle to jump over the "I kinda understand this" level. And I'm not talking about grammatics, it is mostly a lexical question, I can't really force myself to insist on practice and learning new words.

After that I also """study""" sometimes belarusian, that is, I read something and write down the words I don't know, grammar is virtually identical to russian, and alsl gave an exam on ukrainian for which I studied liks three days and got the maximum.

Solo I came to the conclusions that

1. In general, similarity really helps to speed up to the level were you don't feel lost

2. If done correctly, you can focus on differences in grammatical system and avoid confusion. I had some difficulties with polish exceptions (genitive sg m in -a or -u, datiive in -u instead of -ovi) but I think that's just a mnemonic exercise and has nothing to do with russian.

3. I tend to mix up syntax rule way more, probably because I never studied polish syntax by itself.

4. There's a peak in motivation in the beginnig when everything feels fast, then I felt like hitting a wall.

I would like advice expecially about point 4, how to get past this period? I'm trying to read things in polish, listening to music and even watching videos, but it still feels very uncomfortable, while for example I recently started with farsi, I struggle to understand parts of speech sometimes it still feels less energy consuming. I realizef that for the same reason as a native italian I could never force myself to study spanish, and when I studied french in school I didn't enjoy it so much and after that everything I did with french (speaking and reading) was based on "yeah it similar enough to italian I'l rawdog this".

Anyone else happened to be in such situations?

Sorry, it may be a stupid question, but it's bugging me. As far as my experience goes, nasals usually have a great number of allophones when followed by another consonant, as they assimilate by place of articulation.

When learning another language I kinda assume that it works the same, I (native Italian) wouldn't even try to pronounce as represented in ortography. But recently I have read in a farsi manual and in a description of turkish languages, how the autor specifies that /n/ before labials assimilates to /m/.

So I wonder, are there languages were it doesn't work this way? So that it makes sense to specify this phoenomenon in a textbook? (neither of those texts were specifically about phonetics neither very detailed about assimilation)

Hi everyone! I'am an aspiring slavist (still in university) and I would like to learn more about rusyn. I have some academic sources about history, and the linguistic profile of rusyn, but I'd like to learn just the basics of the language too.

The problem is that I couldn't find anything, I have seenvJęzyk rusiński . Najnowsze dzieje języków słowiańskich online, but it is out of stock on every site I see.

Do you have any recomendations for manuals of rusyn, or even books about it? It would be better if online, as I am in italy and getting physical books from any east europan country can be challenging.

If so, I understand russian, polish, belarusian and can maange to understand ukrainian too, the only carpathian language I absolutely can't understand is hungarian.

Hello! I study languages and linguistics. My academic field right now is slavistics, but recently I am learning about iranic language in the free time, and I decided to learn persian/farsi.

When studying slavic language I found a lot of sources explaining the evolution of every language (e.g. The Slavonic language Comrie-Corbett) while l I am having some difficulties with iranic languages, I have skimmed works like The iranian language, Windfuhr, Основы Иранского Языкознания, but they seem to be more synchronic than diachronic.

There are many things I dont understand about modern persian and I don't know where to search for answers, I would be grateful if you could suggest me good sources about the mutations between old iranic and new.

Also, the thing that bugs me out more than anything is the evolution of /w/:

If we take words like (mi)-bid-am <*wid "I see"; zabân (either from *dn̥ǵʰwes 'tongue' or *ǵʰwes- 'call, evocate) "language"; bozorg < a.pers waˈzr̩kah (ultimately from median) "big, great".

The evolution semmes to be /w/ > /v/ > /β/(there used to be a letter for this) > /b/.

But then if we take words from *wĺ̥kʷos there's different outcomes:

Gorj "Georgia" as "the land of the Wolves" < *wrk + something that palatalized k and cause sonorization

Gorgan < Vrkāna "Hyrcania"

I thought both of those are from another dialect as they are in the north, but the word for wolf is gorg with the same phonology. It could still be a loanword like like asb "horse" is from median, but at this point I am not sure.

Also, there's varz "work" (*werǵ-). ǵ > z excludes this as a native persian word, accordy to wiktionary it was adotped in middle persian from avestan.

But then, I dont understand why middle persian wuzurg &gt; persian bozorg but middle persian warz > persian varz

Anyone knows what happened?

Hello, I would like to know better the turkic language family and thus engage with a turkic language.

I am a native italian speaker, and I studied russian and polish, now I'm leraning farsi. I am studying as a linguist, so my main interest is the IE branch, but I'm also a slavist and recently I am really interested in iranistics.

So my main motivation to learn more about turkic languages is that there are many cases of contacts between them and both slavic and iranic languages. Also I think that both studying russian and iranic languages create some sort of fascination for central Asia.

Right now I considered some options with pros and cons (related to my experience, not necessarly universal).

Turkish

The most obvious choiche

PROS: widely spoken, many resources, many media to engage with, geographically/historically not far (as an european, russist), would be useful as a turist (there are many things I would like to see in Turkey, even tho most aren't turkish), also contact with South slavic, Persian and Armenian.

CONS:

- Lexical reforms, usually I tend to prefer native words, but I'm interested in turkic languages mostly due to the many contacts. Would turkish let me jump to Azeri easily?

- Nationalism: the most uncomfortable thing with learning turkish is the stereotype of turkish nationalist. I sympatize with Armenians, Greeks and Kurds, even though I absolutely don't hate Turks. I just fear that those positions aren't really conciliable with most of the speakers I would met. But it may be just a prejudice, tell me about your experiences please.

I'll bring an example of what I mean: today a liberal (anti war, lgbt etc) can study russian and still find many liberal russian-speaking places; but on the contrary a person against those ideals will have many more difficulties studying ukrainian when searching communities or similar. So, I wouldn't have great problems in the first sitiation, but if liking Armenia or Greece is a dealbreak I should better passm

Uzbek

I swear I have no idea what's up with Uzbek jokes, but I am serious.

PROS: biggest turkic language in Central Asia, areal influences with Tajik (studying it alongside persian), russian influences in lexicon and ortography (=cirillyc usage)

CONS: less exposed on the national scene, less media to engage with (I guess?), the region is more interesting to me than the nation itself

Tatar

I know that this for most isn't even an option, but I'd like to consider it too.

PROS: minority language of the Russian Federation, that I think should be protected; I know many media I would engage with (surely there aren't much to+ho), every speaker also speaks russian, I'm interested in Kazan' and Tatarstan

CONS: small, language, few speakers, I do not really need to engage with Tatarstan and its people

Also, how similar are the branches of turkish? Knowing turkic would I be able to orient myself in Uzbek or Kazakh (or vicd versa)? Like speaking russian I can understand serbian grammar even if O miss many words.

I don't really care about turkish being mainstreaming or my interests being niche, I just don't want to miss anything choosing immediately the easiest option.

Thank you!

سلام

I relatively recently started learning farsi, right now I am using just a textbook I bought in Russia that's quite straughtforward, but it is also simplistic sometimes. When I finish it, I will pass to tajik, and other resources like the chapter about farsi and tajik in The iranian Languages from Routledge.

But at the present state of things I still haven't found any good descriptive grammar of classical and/or early new persian, I just have seen some notes here and there like "ڤ was used for /β/" "this form is now archaic" etc.

I am really interested in the evolution of the language, but all I find are synchronic studies and at most diatopic (tajik, dari).

If you have any suggestions I would be grateful, thank you

Hello everyone,

I would like to orientate better in the anciet I.E. landscape, that is, being more familiar with the poorly or not attested i.e. language.

First of all I want to be sure to not have missed any, then I would like to add some bibliography suggestions to the list.

Firstly, some premises:

1. I have included languages using a loose definition of "poorly attested", I have included not attested languages and relatively well attested ones. I am considering "poorly attested" in two direction: "al least we have some words" (e.g. messapic) and "we have good, long text but they aren't rich in variation" (hittite, gothic).

2. I am trying to preserve diversity while avoiding repetition. So, for example, I didn't add african romance, as I feel that it's a language that in the IE context is just not far enougj from latin. But in some context I can't understand which languages are noteworthy, so I ask you to help.

3. The bibliography I added is biased, as it is in the languages I understand. In the same way probably I excluded many good sources as I cant understand them (e.g. German). Feel free to recommend more sources, I am not trying to write an extensive bibliography for every languages, just a couple of sources can lead to other via their bibliography.

Аnatolic languages

Языки Мира: Реликтовые индоевропейские языки Передней и Центральной Азии has a charter about every listed language with additional bibliography

- Hittite (Van den Houth The Elements of Hittite, Hoffner, Melchert A Grammar of the Hittite Language)

- Lydian

- Palaic

- Luwian

- Lycian

- Carian

- Sydetic

- Pisidian

Balkans*

*not a language family, it is just a geographial classification

Katičić, Ancient Languages of the Balkans, (doesn't analyse every language)

Нерознак, Палеобалканские языки (doesn't analyze every language)

- Phrygian

-Thracian

- llyrian

- Paeonian

- Dacian

Italic

Not strictly about language, but interesting: Maras Le scritture dell'Italia preromana (Palaeohispanica 2020)

- Osco-Umbrian (Sabellic) subgroup

Wallace, Petrocchi, Grammatica delle Lingue Sabelliche dell’Italia Antica

Poccetti*, Lingue sabelliche (Palaeohispanica 2020)*

\- **Oscan** (dialects: Sabine, Marrucinian, Paelignan)

**- Umbran** (dialects: Marsian, Volscian \[south-\]Picene)

\- other, even less attested, dialects, like vestinian

- Latino-Falliscan subgroup

**- Faliscan** (Rigobianco, *Falisco* ([*Palaeohispanica*](https://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ebooks/id/3877) 2020))

**- Venetic** (Marinetti, *Venetico* ([*Palaeohispanica*](https://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ebooks/id/3877) 2020))

**- Siculian/Sikel**

Italy*

*geographic grouping, not a branch

- Elymian (Marchesini, The Elymian Language (in Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily)

- Sikan (Sicily, IE affiliation unclear)

- Ligurian (if not celtic of italic)

- Messapic (Ribezzo, La lingua degli antichi Messapi [quite old], Marchesini, Messapico (Paleohispanica 2020))

- Alpine IE it seemes that there's a pre-italic alpine IE substrate, some examples: thermal town Bormio (<*gʷʰor-m?), "malga", a livestock shelter and milk production structure (<*molǵ/melǵ ?)

Iberian pensinsula

Anderson Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula [link]

- Lusitan (Blažek, Lustian language [link]

- Sorothaptic (discussed)

Celtic

About Celtic I need help, I know that 1) the continetal branch is exinct 2) yhere are sub branches, like celtiberic, but I don't know which brances are considered different languages, and which are just geographical terms.

Germanic

- Gothic the definition poorly attested may be excessive, but I think it fits here (Crimean Gothic too)

- Langobardic

- other exctint dialect, could someone sugget a list of noteworthy ones?

Iranic

- M****edian

- Schytian, Sarmatic (Jassic) (Абаев, Осетинский Язык и Фолклор)

- Sogdian

- Saka

Slavic

- pre-germanic dialects (slavic substrate in german toponomy)

- Polabian

- Slovinician

- old Novgorodian (and also old Pskov dialect) (Зализняк, Древненовгородский диалект [link]

- old Pannonian slavic

Baltic

Dini, Foundation of the Baltic languages

Gimbutas, The Balts

- West baltic

	**- Old Prussian**

	\- **West Galindan**

	**- Sudovian**

	**- Old Curionian**

	**- Skalvian (?)**

- Dniepr-Oka baltic

	\- **Golyad** (= **east Galindian**) (Топоров, Трубачев *Лингвистический анализ гидронимов Верхнего Поднепровья* \[[link](https://inslav.ru/publication/toporov-v-n-trubachev-o-n-lingvisticheskiy-analiz-gidronimov-verhnego-podneprovya-m-1962)\])

- East baltic

	**- Selonian**

	**- Semigallian**

Greek/Hellenic

I am not familiar with the hellenic dialects, I know the main ones, but I would be grateful if someone helped with a more exaustive list of ancient greek dialects that we know of.

Indo-Aryan

Honestly, my knowledge of Indo-Aryan stops at Vedic and Sanskrit; I know that Prakrits exist, but I can't tell if there are minor Indo-Aryan languages worth of note.

Thanks everyone for their help

Шалом everyone, I would be thankful if someone suggest where to find tajik-speaking communities, pages or content in tajik.

I am interested in iranic languages so some months ago I started studying persian, I am using a manual about farsi, but noting down tajik spelling to (it is even easier), and I plan to go through a tajik manual once I finish this one.

I would like to know tajik online spaces, even though my level is still very low, I find being exposed to language early in the learning process really useful, and gratifing too (stupid example: I understood забоншиносӣ on first sight, and it helped fixing the meaning of забон and -шинос forever).

I freely speak russian, so russian-tajik bilinguism, that is often mentioned by farsi speakers, is not a problem for me, on the contrary it would help if so.

Also I have been searching a tajik "pen-pal"/"linguistic partner", to ask sporadic questions about the language, but so far I havent found anyone on the apps I am familiar with, I guess that there aren't so many tajik speaker interested in language learning and expecially italian. But if someone knows any community were I could ask such questions, or would spend a couple of minutes from his/her own time I would be grateful.

Thank you in advance