u/Neither_Ticket3829

Estimated overall prevalence of Cappadocian Greek speakers by region (pre-1924):

• Nevşehir, Niğde, Aksaray and Kayseri Region (core Cappadocian cluster): 15–20%
• Other isolated settlements (Sille/Konya and scattered enclaves): <2% overall regional prevalence

Cappadocian Greek was a group of highly distinctive Greek dialects historically spoken in isolated Orthodox Christian communities across parts of Central Anatolia. Due to centuries of close contact with Turkish-speaking populations and geographic isolation, the language developed unique phonological and grammatical features not found in most other Greek varieties.

Cappadocian Greek-speaking settlements were concentrated mainly in village clusters rather than forming a continuous Greek-speaking region. While certain villages had overwhelmingly Greek-speaking populations, the surrounding countryside was predominantly Turkish-speaking, resulting in relatively low overall regional prevalence.

A significant portion of the Orthodox Christian population of Central Anatolia was already Turkophone by the late Ottoman period. Many of these Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians were historically known as the Karamanlides (Karamanlılar). The Karamanlides were Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox people native to the region of Karaman and Cappadocia. They generally used Turkish as their primary spoken language while maintaining Greek Orthodox religious identity and often writing Turkish in the Greek alphabet (Karamanlidika). In fact, by the late Ottoman period, the majority of Orthodox Christians (Anatolian Greeks) in Central Anatolia were either fully Turkish-speaking or heavily bilingual, with many communities having shifted to Turkish as their main language centuries earlier.

The language largely disappeared from Anatolia after the 1923–1924 Greco-Turkish Population Exchange, when most Cappadocian Greek-speaking Orthodox communities were relocated to Greece. Some descendants preserved elements of the language in diaspora communities, and limited revitalization and documentation efforts continue today.

Main settlements where Cappadocian Greek was historically spoken (with modern Turkish names):

Nevşehir Region (largest concentration)

• Sinasos (Mustafapaşa)
• Potamia (Başköy)
• Gelveri (Güzelyurt)
• Malakopi (Derinkuyu)
• Anaku (Kaymaklı)
• Misti (Konaklı)
• Axo (Hasaköy)
• Floita / Phloitá (Suvermez)
• Aravan (Kumluca)
• Uluağaç
• İltaş
• Tsalila (Çardak)
• Gördeles (Göre)
• Arapsun (Gülşehir)
• Cemil
• Sylata (Özlüce)
• Dila (Til)
• Delmeso (Hançerli)

Kayseri / Pharasha Region (Pharasa dialect group)

• Pharasha (Çamlıca, Yahyalı)
• Çukuryurt
• Hoşça
• Karacaviran
• Çarıklı

Niğde Region

• Semendere (Ovacık)
• Fertek
• Limna (Gölcük)

Other related settlements

• Sille (Subaşı, Konya)

Sources:

• Dawkins, R.M. (1916). Modern Greek in Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. Full book on Archive.org
• British School at Athens. “Documenting Modern Greek Dialects: R.M. Dawkins & W.R. Halliday in Central Anatolia (1909-1911)”. https://www.bsa.ac.uk/2020/01/28/documenting-modern-greek-dialects-r-m-dawkins-w-r-halliday-in-central-anatolia-1909-1911/
• Wikipedia contributors. “Cappadocian Greek”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek
• Wikipedia contributors. “Cappadocian Greeks”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks
• Wikipedia contributors. “Karamanlides”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlides
• Karatsareas, Petros (2011). A Study of Cappadocian Greek Nominal Morphology from a Diachronic and Dialectological Perspective. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/240868
• Janse, Mark. Publications on Cappadocian Greek and Asia Minor Greek dialects. ResearchGate Profile
• Nişanyan Map — Türkiye Yer Adları Envanteri. https://nisanyanmap.com/
• Ethnologue: Cappadocian Greek. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cpg/

Notes:

• The map marks historically attested Cappadocian Greek-speaking villages rather than exact linguistic borders.
• Percentages represent approximate regional prevalence estimates and should not be interpreted as uniform distribution across entire provinces.
• Some villages had substantially higher Greek-speaking ratios than neighboring settlements.
• By the late Ottoman period, bilingualism in Turkish was already widespread among many Cappadocian Greek communities.
• Many Orthodox Christians in Central Anatolia were fully Turkish-speaking and belonged to the broader Karamanlı tradition rather than being native Cappadocian Greek speakers.
• Due to the absence of precise district-level demographic data before 1924, estimates are approximate and based on historical settlement patterns, church records, linguistic studies, and contemporary accounts.

Estimated speaker prevalence:

• Aosta Valley (Italy): 15–25% (the last relatively vital area)

• Rural parts of Savoie, Haute-Savoie and Ain (France), Alpine valleys of Piedmont (Italy), other historical Arpitania areas in France and Switzerland, major cities (Lyon, Geneva, Chambéry, etc.): 0–1% (virtually extinct)

Franco-Provençal (also known as Arpitan) is a severely endangered Gallo-Romance language. In France and Switzerland, it has been almost completely wiped out from daily use due to long-standing aggressive assimilation policies. Total active fluent speakers across all countries are estimated between 100,000 and 200,000, with the large majority living in the Aosta Valley (Italy) and mostly elderly speakers elsewhere.

Sources:

• Ethnologue: Arpitan (frp) — https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frp/

• UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger — https://en.wal.unesco.org/

• Centre d’Études Francoprovençales (CEFP) — https://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/

• Wikipedia: Franco-Provençal language — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al

• Kasstan, Jonathan (2015). Variation and Change in Francoprovençal. PhD Thesis, University of London.

• Bert, Michel & Costa, James. Sociolinguistic research on Arpitan in France and Switzerland.

• Fondation Émilie Gamelin & Arpitan cultural associations (Aosta Valley).

Notes:

• The language is primarily preserved in the Aosta Valley (Italy), where it still has some institutional support and community use.

• In France and Switzerland, the language is almost extinct.

• Four flags are shown on the map: the national flags of France, Italy and Switzerland, plus the Arpitan flag, proposed by the Arpitan Cultural Association representing the cultural heartland of the Arpitan language.

Estimated speaker prevalence by district:

• Eastern and central rural areas of Upper Lusatia: 25-35%

• Rural Catholic Upper Lusatia villages and smaller municipalities (especially Bautzen/Budyšin, Kamenz/Kamjenc, Hoyerswerda/Wojerecy, and Schleife/Slepo): 15-25%

• Northern Lower Lusatia rural areas (around Cottbus/Chóśebuz and Spreewald/Błota): 5-15%

• Major urban centers (Cottbus/Chóśebuz, Dresden, Berlin) and surrounding suburbs: 0-5%

The Sorbian languages are severely endangered, with fluent speakers concentrated mostly among elderly populations and in a limited number of traditional rural communities. Total active speakers of both Sorbian varieties are generally estimated between 40,000 and 60,000.

Sources:

• Foundation for the Sorbian People (Stiftung für das sorbische Volk). Official reports and statistics. https://stiftung.sorben.com/en/

• Domowina – Bund Lausitzer Sorben. https://www.domowina.de/

• Ethnologue: Upper Sorbian (hsb). https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hsb/

• Ethnologue: Lower Sorbian (dsb). https://www.ethnologue.com/language/dsb/

• UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Sorbian entries.

• Wikipedia: Sorbian languages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages

• Sorbian Institute (Sorbisches Institut Bautzen). Linguistic research and censuses. https://www.serbski-institut.de/

• Stone, Gerald. 2015. *Upper Sorbian – English Dictionary*. 

• Dołowy-Rybińska, Nicole. Various publications on Sorbian language vitality (2010–2023).

• Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz. 2014. Studies on the current situation of Sorbian languages.

Notes:

• The Sorbs (Serbja) are a West Slavic minority indigenous to the Lusatia region of eastern Germany. They possess a strong regional and ethnic identity centered around language, folklore, and historical continuity.

• The Sorbian linguistic continuum consists of two standardized literary languages: Upper Sorbian (Hornjoserbšćina), spoken mainly in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (Dolnoserbšćina), spoken mainly in Brandenburg. The two are related but not fully mutually intelligible in everyday speech.

• Upper Sorbian remains significantly stronger due to Catholic rural communities and institutional support, while Lower Sorbian is critically endangered and has suffered heavier assimilation.

• Intergenerational transmission has declined sharply since the mid-20th century. Most fluent speakers today are over 50 years old, and daily conversational use is increasingly confined to family, ceremonial, educational, and cultural contexts.

• Due to river elevation rather than cardinal directions, Upper Sorbian is located in the south, while Lower Sorbian sits further north.

• Percentages reflect estimated current speaker prevalence adjusted from older census and fieldwork data (1990s–2010s), accounting for ongoing language shift and demographic decline.

Estimated speaker prevalence by district:

• Moselle North/East rural areas (Sarreguemines, Forbach, Bitche), Haguenau-Wissembourg, Saverne, and northern rural Bas-Rhin districts: 20–30% (Lorraine Franconian in Moselle; Alsatian in Bas-Rhin)

• Other Bas-Rhin rural areas, central Alsace, and Haut-Rhin rural areas (including Sundgau): 10–20%

• Central and Western Moselle rural areas (including Thionville peripheries): 5–15%

• Major urban centers (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Colmar, Metz) and western peripheries: 0–10%

The languages are severely endangered, with the overwhelming majority of fluent speakers belonging to older generations. Intergenerational transmission has declined sharply since the late 20th century, and active daily use is now concentrated mainly in rural communities and informal family settings. Combined active speakers of Alsatian and Lorraine Franconian are generally estimated at roughly 500,000–700,000, although precise figures vary depending on methodology and definitions of fluency.

Sources:

• https://www.culture.gouv.fr/regions/drac-grand-est/actu/an/2024/enquete-sociolinguistique-2024

• https://www.olcalsace.org/

• https://www.ouvroir.fr/cpe/index.php?id=1371&lang=en

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_dialect

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian

Notes:

• The Alsatian and Lorraine (Moselle) populations retain a strong regional identity and cultural attachment to both French and Germanic traditions. While the vast majority identify nationally as French, regional consciousness remains significant, particularly in rural areas and among older generations.

• Alsatian (Elsässisch) belongs primarily to the Alemannic branch of Upper German dialects, whereas Lorraine Franconian (Lothringer Platt) belongs to the West Central German dialect continuum. Despite geographic proximity, they derive from distinct linguistic groups and exhibit substantial regional variation.

• Postwar linguistic centralization policies, urbanization, and the dominance of standard French contributed heavily to language shift and declining transmission to younger generations.

• Recent revitalization efforts by regional institutions such as OLCA/OPLA and the Collectivité européenne d’Alsace have focused on bilingual education, cultural preservation, and increasing public visibility of regional languages.

Estimated speaker prevalence by district:

• Ardeşen, Pazar, Fındıklı, Arhavi: 30–40%

• Hopa, Hemşin, Çamlıhemşin: 20–30%

• Borçka, Murgul, Kemalpaşa, Sarpi: 10–20%

• Other districts of Rize and Artvin: 0–10%

The language is severely endangered, with the vast majority of fluent speakers being elderly. Total active speakers are estimated between 20,000 and 30,000.

Sources:

• Ethnologue. “Laz (lzz)”. Available at: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lzz

• Laz Institute (Laz Enstitüsü). Reports and fieldwork publications on Laz language vitality and regional distribution. Available at: https://www.lazenstitu.com/

• Sevan Nişanyan. Nişanyan Map / Türkiye Yer Adları Envanteri. Available at: https://nisanyanmap.com/

• Höfler, Stefan. Research on the sociolinguistic situation of Laz speakers in northeastern Turkey.

• Kutscher, Silvia. Studies on the Laz language and Kartvelian minorities in Turkey.

• Andrews, Peter Alford (ed.). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey**. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989.**

Notes:

The Laz people have a strong regional ethnic and cultural identity, often describing themselves as Laz (Kartvelian) and distinct from Turks in ethnic terms. At the same time, they are known for their strong loyalty to the Turkish state, deep attachment to the Turkish flag, and high level of patriotism.

The Borjgali (the solar symbol seen on the map) is an ancient Kartvelian cultural symbol traditionally used by Laz and Georgian peoples. While the Laz generally use the Turkish flag as their main national symbol, the Borjgali is increasingly used by Laz cultural activists as a representation of their Kartvelian heritage.

Estimated speaker prevalence by district:

• Çaykara: 15–25%

• Of, Dernekpazarı, Hayrat, Sürmene, Tonya: 10–15%

• Köprübaşı, Maçka: 5–10%

• Rest of Trabzon, Rize (İkizdere) and Gümüşhane (Torul): 0–5% (negligible or none)

Estimates based on fieldwork by Prof. Ioanna Sitaridou (University of Cambridge) and the Romeyka Project. Total active speakers estimated at 4,000–8,000, mostly elderly.

Source: https://www.romeyka.org/

https://www.nisanyanyeradlari.com/

University of Cambridge: https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/last-chance-to-record-archaic-greek-language-heading-for-extinction

Notes:

• The language is primarily preserved in remote mountain villages.

• Younger generations are shifting to Turkish at a rapid rate.

• Pontic Greek is considered the most archaic living variety of Greek, retaining several features lost in all other Modern Greek dialects.

• The yellow flag with the Pontic eagle is a cultural symbol primarily used by Pontic Greek communities in the diaspora (especially Greece). Speakers of Pontic Greek in Türkiye are Muslim and generally identify with the Turkish flag.

Sources:

• Office Public de la Langue Occitane (OPLO), L’occitan aujourd’hui – Enquête sociolinguistique 2020 (2020): https://www.ofici-occitan.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/OPLO_Enquete-sociolingusitique-occitan-2020_Resultats.pdf

• “Occitan language” on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language

• Regional data for Val d’Aran based on Idescat and OPLO 2020 (speech proficiency rounded to ~60%).

• Valadas Occitanas figures based on Piemonte sociolinguistic reports (rounded to ~30%).

• Guardia Piemontese and French departments (Lozère, Dordogne, Aveyron) based on OPLO and local studies (rounded estimates).

Notes

• Percentages represent estimated share of the population able to speak Occitan, using rounded figures from OPLO 2020 and other sociolinguistic surveys.

• Val d’Aran is the only Occitan-speaking area where a majority of the population can still speak the language (>50%).

• In Val d’Aran, a large part of the current population consists of recent Spanish-speaking immigrants, reducing habitual daily use of Aranese to roughly 16–20% despite much higher “can speak” rates.

This is the only place where Occitan is the dominant language.

bu arada yapsak üstüne de kaligrafik yani hat sanatı tarzı semboller yapsak iyi satar, kore hayranı sümeyyeler ve tarikatlardaki cemaatlerdeki fatımalar ayşeler beyzalar alır

Kaynak:
[Kazakhstan_Medieval_Turk,0.0774,-0.0873355,0.0254555,0.0150195,-0.025543,0.00251,0.0048175,0.0077305,-0.0172825,-0.009385,-0.019568,-0.002921,-0.0030475,-0.010735,0.0007465,0.0057675,-0.00013,0.001457,0.003331,0.000438,-0.005116,0.0059355,-0.005608,-0.0006025,0.002874]

[ancestralwhispers.org]
[exploreyourdna.com]

Aryanlar, Proto-Hint-Avrupalılar olan Yamnaya kültürü insanlarının Anadolu kökenli yerli Avrupalılar ile karışmasından doğan ve Yamnaya dilini miras alıp Orta Asya’ya göç eden, günümüz İrani ve Hint halklarının dilsel, Türki halkların ise hepsinin de kısmi genetik atasıdır. Bu adamlar, Orta Asya’da yaşamaktayken güneye göç edip İndus Vadisi yerlileriyle, Hindistan yerlisi olan AASI insanlarla, BMAC olacak günümüz Türkmenistan‘ının ilk yerlileriyle ve İran coğrafyasınin yerlileri olan Zagros ve İran Neolitik Çiftçileri ile karışıp İrani (örneğin Persler, Sakalar, Soğdlar, Harezmliler ve daha sonra Kürtler gibi) ve Hint (örneğin Beluçlar, Hintliler ve Bengaller gibi) etnik gruplarını oluşturdular. Genetik olarak İsveçlilere, Almanlara ve İngilizlere yakın olmaları, onlarla aynı genetik süreçlerden geçtikleri ve aynı atalara sahip oldukları içindir. Günümüzde ise biz Anadolu Türklerinin %10-25 (ortalama olarak genelde %15) oranında atalarıdırlar ve tüm Avrupa‘da Aryan DNA’sı Çingeneler, Osetler ve Ural halkları haricinde %0’a yakındır, eski ve modern Türki halklarda ise şaşırtıcı şekilde çoğu İrani ve Hint etnik gruptan daha yüksek Aryan DNA’sı vardır (Başkurtlarda ~%45, Oğuzlarda ~%40 ve Kazaklarda ~%30). Aryan DNA’sı bize Oğuzlardan, Oğuzlara da Soğdlar ve Sakalardan geçmiştir. Sanılanın aksine Aryanlarda siyah ve kahverengi saç da çok yaygındır. Fenotipleri ise genel olarak bugünki Batı Avrupalılara benziyor.

Kaynak:
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta\_culture\]
[https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1k7u5e7/steppe\_indo\_european\_genetic\_admixture\_in\_modern/\]

[https://www.exploreyourdna.com\]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-jTzmFpLGc\]
[ancestralwhispers.org]