How Trees Pump Water 100 Metres Without a Pump
Tall trees can transport water more than 100 metres from roots to leaves through the cohesion–tension mechanism. Water evaporating from leaf stomata creates negative pressure that pulls a continuous column of water upward through the xylem. Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion to xylem walls help maintain the column against gravity: https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/38556
As trees become taller, increasing hydraulic resistance and tension can cause cavitation and xylem embolisms, limiting further growth. Research on redwoods estimates a theoretical maximum height of roughly 122–130 metres under favourable conditions: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02417
Full Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BickMFHAZR0