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The Ilha dos Lagartos's first states arising independently between 3000 and 2500 BC. By 1000 BC, the city-states of Piaroba, Alanodá and Ibirama had been founded. The inhabitants of these cities domesticated several crops, including the vermila, latupi, maduni, karmuti, xaloti and sarduti.

Piaroba Alanodá and Ibirama racked up dozens of thousands of inhabitants, and their ruins have survived to this day. Their civilization was by far the most advanced of the South Atlantic region at the time, boasting a state, monuments, agriculture, and dirt roads.

The Temple of Ibirama has survived nearly intact to this day. After the independence of Atlantis in the 19th century, it became a museum, and is currently a major tourist attraction, drawing millions of people from Atlantis and Brazil each year.

Novo Algarve, Portugal Antártico and the Floresta dos Lagartos were also inhabited by small communities connected by kinship ties. They were great at art, particularly sculpture, and mostly survived through hunting and gathering, but some, notably in Novo Algarve, practiced agriculture to a small degree.

Several native empires rose and fell in what is now western Atlantis, including the Icoroma Empire (200–600 AD) and the Cardomá Confederacy (800–1100 AD). Icoroma was characterized by a centralized government, monumental agriculture, textile weaving, and a comprehensive polytheistic religion.

Much of these two polities' art and monuments have survived to this day, and can be found in the Atlantis National Museum in the capital of Santarém. Icoroman statues are considered the best of the Puxomado civilizations, even better than those of the Piaroban Empire that was conquered by the Portuguese.

The Icoroma Empire had a population of 200,000 inhabitants at its height around 500 AD, while the Cardomá Confederacy, which was more a confederation of tribes than a unified state, had a population of 5450,000 400 years later. In 1100 AD, the Cardomá Confederacy collapsed due to environmental degradation, causing a power vacuum in the Ilha dos Lagartos.

During the next three centuries, southern Ilha dos Lagartos was dominated by a series of city-states and tribes that continuously fought each other with no hegemon in sight. Consequently, historians know relatively little about this period compared to previous and later ones, and archeology does most of the job.

- Slide 1: Blank world map including Atlantis

- Slide 2: Atlantis' major Islands

- Slide 3: Köppen climate classification map of Atlantis

The Republic of Atlantis (Portuguese: República de Atlântida) is a sovereign island state in the South Atlantic. It is an archipelago made up of twelve islands, the three largest of whom are Ilha dos Lagartos, Novo Algarve, and Portugal Antártico.

Ilha dos Lagartos, or Lizard Island, is the third-largest island in the world, surpassed only by Greenland and New Guinea in size. Ilha dos Lagartos has a very diverse climate, ranging from Lizard Rainforest in the northwest to the Puxomado Mountains cutting across the island.

Novo Algarve is the second largest island of Atlantis, and consists partly of a tropical savanna climate resembling the Brazilian Cerrado. Like its Brazilian counterpart, the Cerrado de Atlântida's economy is heavily based on cattle raising, which similarly had negative environmental consequences.

Portugal Antártico is the smallest and least populous of the three major islands of Atlantis. Portugal Antártico's climate is a mix of oceanic, humid and subtropical, just like southern Brazil's, and it currently has the largest indigenous population by percentage of any island of Atlantis.

Atlantis has several major rivers, the most important of whom are the Adojara, Messeré and Capronã rivers in Ilha dos Lagartos. The Adojara river valley is considered one of the world's cradles of civilization, as some of the world's first civilizations developed there.

Ilha dos Lagartos and Portugal Antártico have their own rivers as well – the Xumuran River in Novo Algarve and the Uledin and Marodin rivers in Portugal Antártico – but they're less important both historically and in the present. Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha are also a part of Atlantis, and have been so since colonial times.

Consequently, Napoleon was exiled to Bermuda instead of Saint Helena, which was undee Portuguese control all the time. They passed over to Atlantis after it became independent in 1826.

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Gustavoism Rises | Land reform in Brazil (1973–1975)

Brazilian reformers had called for land redistribution since Brazil became independent in 1822, but Gustavo Henrique's socialist regime was the one that actually carried out said land reform. It was one of his main promises during the Brazilian Civil War, and Gustavo could not break it.

One of Gustavo's first decrees after seizing power in March 1973 promoted the democratization of land ownership by declaring all unused land to be the property of the state. The Brazilian government then imposed limits on the amount of land each person could own, in order to break the land monopoly that had existed since the arrival of the Portuguese.

Gustavo's next step was to establish municipal and statewide federations of cooperative farms, all of whom were members of the Federação Cooperativa Nacional (FCN). Brazil did not create collective farms, but the cooperatives were under strict state control.

The unused land mentioned above became the property of farm cooperatives. By 1975, Brazilian society had been significantly transformed, with the members of the old Brazilian oligarchy, such as Ronaldo Caiado of Goiás, either being executed or leaving Brazil never to return.

Land reform was extremely popular among poor Brazilians, who saw it as eliminating the source of their oppression. Northeastern Brazil, traditionally the most conservative Brazilian region, became a strong supporter of the ruling PPN, because the drought problem was solved more effectively and people stopped dying of hunger.

Brazil later established state-owned collective farms in charge of producing crops such as coffee, soybeans, sugarcane, oranges, etc, for export. These farms soon became some of Brazil's largest employers, because agricultural exports remained a major part of Brazil's economy.

Environmental degradation was not ended by the land reform. Rather, it increased significantly as the PPN sought to economically integrate all regions of the country. Despite the regime being more friendly to indigenous people than its predecessors, conflict with the natives continued.

The genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil escalated during the presidency of Aldo Rebelo, who strongly supports agribusiness and has described environmentalism as a conspiracy to seize the Amazon Rainforest's resources. Natural disasters have increased as a result of this policy, causing international concern and prompting even some Brazilians to criticize Aldo's productivism.

As of 2026, Brazilian agriculture is one of the most productive in the world, and Brazil is the world's largest producer of coffee, soybeans, oranges and sugarcane. Brazilian client states such as Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, Cuba and Nicaragua import a large amount of Brazilian crops, as do the USSR, China and India.

When Chernobyl happened, Nikolay Ryzkhov's more hardline administration attempted to cover up the disaster until it was too late, making the results much worse and weakening the USSR significantly. Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe was finally discredited, contributing to the Revolutions of 1994.

In 1990, Ukrainian leader Volodymyr Shcherbytsky died and was succeeded as the republic's leader by Vladimir Ivashko, who led Ukraine until his own death in 1994. After Ivashko died, Petro Symonenko became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, an office he would hold until he joined the top Soviet leadership in 2015.

The Revolutions of 1994 and the independence of the Baltic and Caucasus states led to an increase in "anti-Soviet activities" in Ukraine, because Ukrainian independence activists sought to take advantage of the situation to free their country. Symonenko's first action as the leader of the Ukrainian SSR was to cooperate with Yevgeny Primakov's KGB to crack down on the Ukrainian independence movement.

By March 1995, 35,000 independence activists had been arrested, and any chance of Ukraine becoming independent in the foreseeable future had gone up in the smoke. Many Ukrainians fled to the United States, Canada and other western countries in order to escape this crackdown.

Ukraine's economy declined because the entire USSR was, but there was no large-scale deindustrialization and population loss, and the republic's population was actually growing, albeit at a low rate. Furthermore, Soviet rule remained popular with many in Ukraine, especially ethnic Russians.

The SSR would begin growing economically again around 1999, because Ukraine is the most fertile region in Europe and one of the most industrialized. Economic growth increased the regime's popularity among ethnic Ukrainians somewhat, but many of them still disapproved of communism.

Upon Symonenko's retirement, Igor Alekseyev became the general secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Viktor Yanukovych became the Ukrainian SSR's head of state, and Yuriy Boyko became Premier (their names didn't show up in the wikibox). This troika has led the republic ever since.

2026's Moldovan separatist protests spilled over into Ukraine to a degree, as Ukrainians who supported independence sought to capitalize on them. But this was nipped in the bud again, and the Soviet Union is unlikely to collapse anytime soon unless the Syrian civil war becomes a disaster for the Soviets.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamuses\_in\_Colombia

In the early 1980s, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar visited a wildlife breeding center in Dallas, Texas, to strike a deal to adopt four hippopotamuses. In 1981, four hippos, three females and one male, were imported by Escobar to his private menagerie at his residence in Hacienda Nápoles, located between the cities of Medellín and Bogotá. After Escobar's 1993 death, the zoo was unofficially closed, but the hippos would later escape the residence and spread out to nearby areas.

By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food in the nearby Magdalena River. In early 2014, there were reported to be 40 hippopotamuses in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia.

The estimated population in December 2019 was around 90–120, with their range covering around 2,250 km2 (870 mi2) and now extending into the department of Santander; it was expected that the population would almost certainly increase to more than 150 individuals within a decade and could reach up to more than 200 hippos, while the range eventually could cover more than 13,500 km2 (5,200 mi2). Population projections estimate that there could be thousands within a few decades. The Colombian hippos reach sexual maturity earlier than African hippos. Another study in 2023 revealed the number of existing hippos to be even higher than previously estimated, with already between 181 and 215 individuals.

Locals have reported "mock attacks" on humans, but as of 2017 none had been fatal or resulted in serious injury.

On June 18, 2009, a hippopotamus named Pepe was killed by hunters under authorization of the government. Authorities of the department of Antioquia had declared the hippo as a threat and health risk to farmers and fisherman, and ordered him to be killed. When a photo of the dead hippo surrounded by 15 armed men became public, it caused considerable controversy among animal rights groups both within the country and abroad. Protesters picketed the Environment Ministry and expressed their opposition to the upcoming plan to kill two other hippos, Matilda, and her baby Hip. Further plans of culling ceased, until April 13th of 2026 when Irene Vélez, Colombia's environment minister, announced that the government aims to cull approximately 80 hippos due to the risks to people and primarily the ongoing threat to biodiversity they pose.

Being non-native introductions, most conservationists considered them problematic and invasive in Colombia, as they have the potential to change various ecosystems, feeding heavily on plants and displacing native species like the West Indian manatee, neotropical otter, spectacled caiman and turtles. The critically endangered Dahl's toad-headed turtle and Magdalena River turtle are largely restricted to the Magdalena River basin, as are many threatened fish. In 2020, a study showed that there was an increase in the nutrient levels and cyanobacteria in Colombian lakes inhabited by hippos. Cyanobacteria can cause algae blooms and die-offs of aquatic fauna. Despite the limited magnitude of the observed change, it was notable since the species' population was still quite small.

This increase in nutrient levels is because of their behavior; during the day, they spend their time wallowing in the river, and during the night, they are on land grazing. With this constant movement, an individual hippo can transport up to 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) dry mass per year of carbon and nutrients from land to water through their waste. Additionally, their movements can also significantly impact the geomorphology and hydrology of the Magdalena River. When they wallow through dense, vegetated areas, they end up creating paths which form or connect ponds to the river that will later fill up with sediment due to flooding. This damages the habitat of many aquatic plants and animals as these ponds are mainly used for nursery purposes to protect the offspring from larger predators that live in the river.

In contrast to the opposition by most conservationists, some ecologists have argued that the hippos should remain and might even have a positive effect on the local environment. It has been suggested that the nutrients they introduce to the water and the occasional fish kills caused by them are overall positive, but this was based on a study in their native Africa. Alternatively, the introduced hippos could be a form of Pleistocene rewilding project, replacing species like Toxodon that became extinct in prehistoric times, but Pleistocene rewilding itself is highly controversial. Others have argued that the Colombian hippos should be regarded as a safe population, isolated from the threats faced by African hippos, and that they could be beneficial to the local ecotourism industry.

Alternative methods for controlling the hippo population have been considered, but they are unproven, or difficult and expensive. In 2017 a wild male hippo was caught, castrated and released again, with an overall cost of about US$50,000.

In 2020, there were no plans by the local government to manage the population, but further studies on their effect on the habitat have been initiated. Because of the fast-growing population, conservationists recommended that a management plan needed to be rapidly developed.

By October 2021, the Colombian government had started a program to sterilize the hippos using a chemical to make them infertile. The approach uses an anti-GnRH vaccine known as GonaCon. Such vaccines turn the immune system against GnRH, a hormone important for sex organ function. During this time, both national and international animal rights movements surrounding the hippo population had increased. As such, in an effort to protect the hippos, a lawsuit was filed which explored the interests of the hippos in relation to their management.

In March 2023, it was announced that the Colombian government is proposing transferring at least 70 hippopotamuses to India and Mexico as part of a plan to control their population. Authorities estimated that 170 hippos inhabited the country at the time and that they could potentially increase to 1,000 by the year 2035.

In November 2023 the Colombian Environment Minister, Susana Muhamad, announced plans to manage the invasive hippo population. This strategy involves three measures, the sterilization of around 40 hippos a year, in addition to translocation and culling measures which were still being explored, citing environmental concerns. In August 2024, the Administrative Court of Cundinamarca gave the Ministry of Environment three months to issue a proper "regulation that contemplates measures for the eradication of the species," on the basis that the hippos were affecting the area's "ecological balance."

On April 13, 2026, the Colombian Ministry of Environment approved the euthanasia of the more than eighty hippos that make up the invasive population with an investment of COP$7,200 million and delegated to the regional autonomous corporations Cornare, Corantioquia, Corpoboyacá and CAS. Indian billionaire Anant Ambani offered transportation and shelter in India for the animals.

During Corbyn's premiership, the economy of the United Kingdom entered a full-scale crisis thanks to decades of Bennite socialism. By the time Corbyn left office in 2019, 50% of Brits lived in poverty and 12% were unemployed, and inflation had reached 65% a year.

Consequently, Corbyn turned out to be an unpopular prime minister with everybody other than the Labour Party base of miners and industrial workers. A 2019 YouGov poll showed Corbyn had an approval rating of 25%, making him one of the most unpopular prime ministers in British history.

Corbyn's UK had good relations with Ireland, Germany, France, Socialist Brazil, the USSR, China, Palestine, Venezuela and Syria, but hostile relations with Argentina and Israel, and lukewarm relations with the United States and Pahlavi Iran. Britain's economic crisis and protectionism led to a steady decline in foreign trade during his premiership.

Corbyn and the rest of the Labour leadership blamed major corporations for the crisis, and responded by doubling down on the democratic socialism that caused it in the first place. This made things even worse, leading many British people to publicly call Corbyn a "cunt".

In 2017, the Soviet Union under the leadership of Nikolay Ryzkhov provided the United Kingdom with $5 billion in economic aid in order to alleviate the crisis. This had a positive effect, but the bigger picture didn't change, and even some leftists such as George Galloway criticized Corbyn.

Despite the breakdown of the economy of the UK during his premiership, some of Corbyn's policies had positive effects. He launched a "green industrial revolution" that included support for renewable energies and a promise to plant 2 billion trees by 2040. The UK also transitioned to electrify the United Kingdom's bus fleet by 2030.

The Labour Party's 2019 general election campaign emphasized these positive accomplishments and continued to deny responsibility for the crisis. Michael Gove's Conservatives and Jo Swinson's Liberal Democrats, on the other hand, promised to restore capitalism, claiming that the British economy functioned better before Tony Benn was elected.

Labour eventually lost the election by a landslide, winning 136 seats versus 382 for the Conservatives, 70 for the Liberal Democrats, and 48 for the SNP. Upon becoming prime minister in 2019, Gove immediately began reversing the socialist policies of previous PMs in favour of free market economics (albeit more moderate than what Thatcher unsuccessfully tried to do).

Corbyn was replaced as the Labour leader by Andy Burnham. Corbyn rejected suggestions to leave the party and found a new socialist one, but his and Tony Benn's brand of left-wing politics remains discredited in 2026, and Labour is firmly controlled by the soft left.

Upon becoming prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1983, Tony Benn began negotiations with the IRA in order to hand over Northern Ireland to Ireland. Michael Heseltine's Conservatives, Northern Irish unionist parties, and the centrist Alliance strongly opposed this move, calling for the defeat of the IRA or devolution instead.

But Labour had a majority in Parliament, and the majority of the PLP were Bennites who supported Irish unification. Despite a delay caused by years of Unionist lobbying, on 31 March 1987, the Two-Party Agreement was signed, whereupon the IRA agreed to lay down its arms in exchange for Irish unification.

The following day, Ireland and the UK signed another treaty where they agreed to Irish unification if both sides of the isle voted Yes. On 10 April, both of them did so, formally unifying Ireland as a 32-county republic and putting an end to six decades of partition.

Unionists were furious at Benn for reunifying Ireland, and launched a series of violent riots against the new Irish state. Irish police put down these riots with relative ease, but Benn survived an assassination attempt from Unionist Ethan Macdonald, who sought to "avenge the loss of Ulster to the Irish papists"; the assassination attempt backfired, as Labour won the 1987 British election by a landslide, and Ethan was sentenced to life imprisonment.

By 2000, the majority of Ulster Protestants had left Ireland. Most of them moved to fellow Commonwealth realms Australia, Canada and New Zealand, with a minority also going to Israel due to the similarities between Zionism and Unionism, and an Irish census from around that time showed only 40,000 Ulster Scots in Ulster.

Despite successfully unifying Ireland, abolishing the house of Lords, ending the British nuclear deterrent, and withdrawing the UK from the European Economic Community and NATO's integrated command, Benn and his labour left successors failed to abolish the monarchy or fully pull the country from NATO, because referendums to do both of these things failed.

Britain greatly reduced its involvement with NATO though, participating as little as possible without formally leaving. When the Bennite era ended in 2019, Britain returned to the NATO command and became a major contributor to the Alliance again.

On 12 April 1998, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia signed the Kiev Peace Agreements, agreeing to recognize the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, both of whom successfully broke away in a less genocidal but still brutal civil war. Yugoslav President Velho Kadijevoć and League of Communists president Branko Mamula resigned as a result of the Yugoslav defeat.

Now that Yugoslavia was reduced to Serbia, including Kosovo, Montenegro and Republika Srpska, Yugoslavia's parliament elected its speaker and Tito's grandson Joška Broz president. The collegiate presidency was disbanded and Broz received many of his grandfather's dictatorial powers.

Shortly after taking office, Broz visited the Soviet Union, where he met with Soviet leader Nikolay Ryzkhov and foreign minister Nursultan Nazarbayev. Yugoslavia remained a leader of the non-aligned movement, but it distanced itself from the West in favour of greater alignment with the Soviet Union, which became Yugoslavia's main partner.

With the majority of surviving socialist countries (USSR, Brazil, China, etc) having market socialist economies or something similar, Broz did not move away from the Yugoslav system of workplace democracy, but he did implement economic reforms to modernize Yugoslavia's economy and reduce its dependency on foreign loans.

Yugoslavia remained a dictatorship under the League of Communists, which suppressed any nationalism and refused to appeal to that of Serbia. Ratko Mladić and Radovan Karadžić were tried and executed for opposing brotherhood and unity, and Yugoslavia remained a federal republic made up of Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnian Serbia.

By the 2000s, the rump Yugoslavia's economy was growing, and at a faster rate than the Soviet Union thanks to tourism and the modernisation program mentioned earlier. This made Broz as popular as his grandfather, with Kosovo Albanians being the only group that disapproved of him.

Broz condemned the US invasion of Libya, even after Gaddafi gassed US troops. Yugoslavia's relations with other European countries later improved, but, because of socialism, Broz did not integrate Yugoslavia into the EU because, and relations with Croatia remained poor.

In 2019, Yugoslav students launched protests against corruption that were suppressed by the UDBA. After this, Broz started looking for a successor, initially considering Vladimir Joković before picking Radoslav Milojičić to succeed him instead.

During Broz's last years in power, his government became increasingly unpopular due to corruption in Yugoslavia. Thus, when he died on 3 June 2025, Milojičić announced an anti-corruption package and a transition from market socialism to social democracy, while keeping Yugoslavia a dictatorship.